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"Illegally dumped Tires Continue to Plague Route 50: Maryland State Highway Administration Crew {Cheverly} Removed Another
Pile Wednesday" - TV 9 (April 24, 2024)
TREAD POLLUTION
Bridgestone Group / Corporation - Largest Manufacturer of Tires Worldwide
| LINKS BEING REORGANIZED |
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| LINKS BEING REORGANIZED |
"How Tyre Emissions Hide in Plain Sight" - Emissions Analytics [Food] (2023)
Emissions Analytics Tyre Emissions and Sustainability European Conferences
Emissions Analytics Tyre Emissions and Sustainability United States Conferences [April 2024]
"Tyre Emissions From the Latest Electric Vehicles" - Emissions Analytics (2023)
"Gaining Traction, Losing Tread Pollution From Tire Wear Now 1,850 Times Worse Than Exhaust Emissions" - Emissions Analytics
(2020)
Does not say why. Just "nasty.".....
"They have greater tire wear, the source of most particulate matter. California is trying to conceal that fact."
This "opinion" article is gaining traction.
Tyre = Tire
"The rational for considering the proposal is based on reports submitted by the Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI
Report of March 27, 2003) and the German Umweltbundesamt, which describe a significant contribution of tyre wear to the environmental
contamination by PAHs. These 2 reports and a publication by BLIC provide the following information:
Tyre tread contains up to 28% extender oils with 17 to 357 mg/kg total PAHs (average 137 mg/kg). The benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-concentration
ranges between 1 and 16 mg/kg (average 5 mg/kg). These concentrations have been determined by 2 chemical analysis after Soxleth
extraction of rubber slices. During use tyres of passenger cars lose up to 2 kg, tyres of trucks up to 12 kg of their mass
by abrasion. The major part of the abraded material is dispersed on the ground near the roads and flushed away with the surface
runoff and ends up in the water. From there it either ends up in the sludge of waste water treatment plants or in surface
water where the particles sediment. The KEMI report indicates that it is not possible to provide a reliable estimate to what
extend PAHs from tyre wear contribute to the PAHs contamination of the environment as compared to other sources.
Measurements in Stockholm suggest that the annual contribution of PAHs from tyre wear is about 4% of the emissions
via exhaust gases of diesel and gasoline powered vehicles and that vehicle exhaust together with tyre wear account
for 30 % of the PAHs levels in sediments.
This following is an erroneous report, with opinions purposefully guiding a too small focus with few references. The author(s)
are attempting to make busses superior, while outright lying about "Zero Emissions" equated to busses. Well before the twenty-first
century started, scientists have known that the family of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) are found in the production
of vehicle tires. The proof is what is omitted. Carcinogens don't just escape through exhaust pipes, but actually are the
make up of materials in a bus - tires/tyres. No mention that "electric" buses can weigh even double with cooling systems,
and so produces even more PAHS family emissions....
The ancillary "bus fleets" in city of Delhi India (Population well over 32 million: 32,941,000) and state pf Jalisco in Mexico
(Population well over 8 million: 8.64) are actually quite tiny compared to their primary tram and train-served transit systems.
It is impossible to move their people via busses.
PROOF: "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified diesel exhaust as a likely carcinogen.
.... Research also concludes that local pollution from buses contributes to higher rates and costs of respiratory illnesses
like heart disease, lung disease, cancer, and asthma."
MOST CRUCIAL, but not in report is the little use of busses compared to transition to rail: trains, trams/streetcars,
and combination mode, light rail.
My city was gone
There was no train station ~ There was no downtown
All my favorite places
My city had been pulled down ~ Reduced to parking spaces
Ay, oh, way to go....
My family was gone
I stood on the back porch ~ There was nobody home
I was stunned and amazed
My childhood memories ~ Slowly swirled past
Like the wind through the trees ....
My pretty countryside
Had been paved down the middle
By a government that had no pride....
Ay, Oh, Way to Go"
Chrissie Hynde sheds light through song on hometown, "Rubber Capital of the World," Akron, Ohio. How Firestone took over
Akron with consistent rubber-burning pollution. The line, ""By a government who had no pride" calls out Akron giving Firestone
whatever they wanted, no matter damage to - life.
In 1998, Bridgestone purchased Firestone. In 1992, Bridgestone relocated Akron, Ohio "Rubber Capital of the World" headquarters
to Nashville, Tennessee. Though iconic "Firestone" sign is still lit up in a new location, Firestone tire making will not
come back to Ohio. But streetcars across Ohio are indeed making their return.
"The 'use stage' is the contributor to most environmental impacts in the entire life cycle of a tire. Notably, the
carbon emissions in the use stage range from
550 kg CO2 eq to 840 kg CO2 eq per car tire."
TIRE-DERIVED FUEL EMISSIONS: 5,306.87 short ton 2,407.16 short ton 189.53 85.97*
*Carbon factors for municipal solid waste, tire-derived fuel, and waste oil are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Factor Hub
While we are addressing carbon emission through tailpipe regulations, we, the United States of America, have absolutely
no tire manufacturing regulations. The tire manufacturers want to sell more tires; and so always want to provide performance
over health. Tires are made from, and of - fossil fuels. There are approximately 2,000 chemicals that make up tires, and
most are not identifiable, except to the secretive and illusive tire manufacturers, who are never held accountable to disclose
anything. Tires are assembled in layers, and use different materials than original solid and even air-filled rubber were
for motor vehicles. For several decades, increasingly more synthetic rubber and microplastics are used, taking place of natural
latex tree sap collected from rubber trees.
Every tire revolution creates tire erosion; and so, tire particulates fly off. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, a
name for a grouping, a family for thousands of chemicals, are mainly sealants, usually petroleum-based, used by tire manufacturers
to bond layers of materials into the tire. When Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) fly into the air, we all breathe
them in. When PAHS rest and then breeze-wind fly again, they lay into road run-off, puddles to large waterways, dissolve,
pass through pipes and filters not meant for PAHS, and so we drink PAHS. When water seeps into earth, gravity makes
watery PAHS soak into land, absorbed into soil, and of where food grows from, and we eat PAHS. All creatures develop
consequences from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, because of tires' oils and sealants, they are the most lethal carcinogens,
creating many types of tumorous cancers.
The outermost coating of tires is made of a separate family of chemicals called, p-Phenylenediamine, PPD for short.
They are engineering polymers, and tire manufacturers identified that 6PPD is the best to make outermost tire layers hard.
6-PPD, when bonding with ground ozone via tire erosion, becomes 6PPD-Quinone, molecularly: C18H22N2O2. 6PPD-Quinone is a
toxic contaminant known well to massacre fish, especially Coho Salmon to near extinction (placed on Endangered Species List),
and Zebra Fish.
It is past due to continue to ignore, pretend that tires have no emissions. We must tend to the rise of tyre emissions, for
the more tires produced, the more tires that are needed to be disposed of - except we can't. We know enough to no
longer use them in playgrounds and as artificial reefs, as we are removing more than half a century's worth from land and
sea. But the United States knowingly continues to poison all creatures, including human beings' air, water, and soil through
everyday products, from natural wood and coal burning use, to charcoal, shampoos, makeup, dairy products, and especially asphalt
roads and roofing material (coal-tar).
There is no such thing as, "Zero Emissions" or "Fossil Free." All the charts and graphs and numbers
are all wrong when viewing goal predictions. They either "forgot" about tires, or have not an inkling that European Union,
in other words, 27 countries, in 2012, banned PAHS from their tire manufacturers use, and other measures on products an chemicals
since, or far worse, choose to not have any regulations to personally prosper through stocks, donations....
"There are no known alternatives to 6PPD that provide the same safety and performance characteristics in a tire."
- The United States Tire Manufacturers Association
"All USTMA members use a chemical called 6PPD to help tires resist degradation and cracking."
The University of Washington took great pains for years to specifically conclude, without a doubt, that it is indeed the chemical
6PPD that, when tires wear, bonds with ground ozone, creating toxic 6PPD-Quinone. The "report" uses, "may", "may be
causing urban runoff mortality syndrome" which is an outright lie. It does.
Above is a legal but carefully manicured report by the United States Tire Manufacturers Association, leaving everything
to question environmentally, while being emboldened to continue to double down the notion that especially 6PPD (and 1,999
other chemicals) is necessary in any, every circumstance.
"A Dirty Business: Making Billions With Tires" - DW Documentary Film (2019)
Chico Mendes: Plight of the Amazon Forest Rubbertappers & Habitat/Environment Activist
Chico Mendes Vive! - The Gaia Foundation
Chico Mendes Memorial
"Voice of the Amazon" - Better World Society (1988) [Documentary]
"The Burning Season": The Chico Mendes Story
"Amazonia De Galvez A Chico Mendes" - Mini-Series Episode 1 Part 1
2,000 CHEMICALS JUST TO MAKE TIRES - HARD
JUST LIKE TOBACCO INDUSTRY WAS ALLOWED, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, VIA THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA), CONTINUES
TO ALLOW WORLDWIDE, THE TIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY TO, "SELF MONITOR."
IT IS CONCLUSIVE: TIRE PARTICLE EROSION ABSORBED THROUGH AIR AND WATER POLLUTION - KILL. TIRES CREATE CARBON
EMISSION LEVELS WELL BEYOND EXHAUST PIPES. ALL CARBON EMISSIONS DATA, GOALS, AND PREDICTIONS ARE OUTDATED.
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A TIRED VEHICLE BEING, "ZER0 EMISSIONS": BUSSES, TRUCKS, AUTOMOBILES,.... BURNING TIRES
LEAD TO HUMAN CANCER DEATHS.... 6PPD-QUINONE WATER POLLUTION, 99% DEAD - COHO SALMON ON ENDANGERED SPECIES LIST.
VERIFIED CHEMICALS FOUND IN TIRES, TIRE EROSION, TIRE CRUMBLE, ASTROTURF....:
PPD = p-Phenylenediamine
6PPD = N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
6PPD +{bonds with} Ground Ozone = 6PPD-Quinone
6PPD-Quinone = 6PPD-Q; 2-anilino-5-[(4-methylpentan-2-yl)amino]-cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
[TOXIC - Carbon Emission]
PAHs = Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [TOXIC - Especially in Human Beings - Carcinogens]
PTFE = Polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon [6] used for commercialized gaskets, Tire Molds, including ultrasonic
cleaning process (UMCS) [TOXIC - Especially in Human Beings - Carcinogens] [Part of PFAS family]
Polytetrafluoroethylenes are part of PFAS family.
HEAVY METAL OXIDES: Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, and Zinc in accumulative levels [TOXIC]
Benzothiazole and its derivatives [TOXIC]
[Aromaticity, Aromatics, Resonance Forms, and Aromatic Reactions]
PFAS: Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances are found usually coupled when PAHs are present. WHY? Types of PFAS, chemicals,
make up microplastics...
SEEK: THE FOREVER CHEMICAL FAMILIES
"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Adding Ten Species and Updating Five Species on the List of Endangered and
Threatened Wildlife" - Department Of The Interior Fish and Wildlife Service (November 2nd, 2016)
TIRES "Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Factors Used in the Waste Reduction Model - U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency | Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery (2019)
MICROPLASTICS TIRE EROSION PROVES IT IS BEYOND TIME TO BAN 6PPD, PPDS, PAHS, PHAS, & OTHER CHEMICALS THAT KILL, BAN
TIRE BURNING USA-WIDE & LOW QUALITY TIRES, & TAX TIRE PURCHASES DUE TO NO ABILITY TO REUSE THEM, ILLEGAL DUMPING COSTS - ESPECIALLY
IN FORESTS, & MOUNTAINOUS TIRE LANDFILLS
[Like Hudson, Colorado]
The State of Tires / Tyres:
Carbon Emissions regarding Tire Wear and Erosion, Burning: "Open and "Enclosed", Burn Pit Emissions, Landfilling, Artificial
Reef Usage & Removal, Swings, Playgrounds, Bumpers for Rings (ice rinks, bumper cars....)
| 5 QUINONES UBIQUITOUSLY PRESENT IN URBAN RUNOFF |
|
| MANKIND'S ACTIVITIES: IN AIR PARTICLES, WATERWAYS, ROADSIDE SOIL POLLUTIONS - Enviro.Sci.& Tech -NIH |
[FILM INCLUDED]
Immediate free access for article(s) through e-mail sign-up.
"Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Factsheet" - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
"Tire Particle Pollution in Charleston Harbor" - Environmental Toxicologist, Dr. John Weinstein - The Citadel (2018)
"The Need for Environmental Regulation of Tires: Challenges and Recommendations" - Environmental Pollution (2022)
Please Seek Here: BUS & AUTOMOBILE
MARYLAND, and other states allow Tire Burning. [Seek State list below.]
"The open burning of household and commercial refuse and tires is not desirable due to the potential for environmental
impact. However, pursuant to COMAR 26.11.07.05A(2) and 26.04.07.04C(1), the burning of certain household trash may be permitted,
but only when..."
BURN PITS: OPEN AIR INTENTIONAL FIRES
"Often, waste was burned in open-air pits, with jet fuel sometimes used as an accelerant. At many bases, virtually all waste
was burned, ranging from paints, solvents, tires, plastics, and styrofoam, to batteries, and electronic equipment.
Depending on the burn locations and prevailing winds, smoke frequently permeated these outposts and adjacent areas."
Vice President Biden at the time, grieved on May 30th, 2015, as his son Beau Biden, a U.S. attorney’s office
civilian in Kosovo and Iraq (co-located both times near burn pits), and a former Delaware attorney general, died at age
46 due to Glioblastoma Multiforme, the most common form of brain cancer.
"KBR, formerly owned by Halliburton Corporation, and other companies dumped tires, batteries, medical waste, and other
materials into the burn pits downrange. The smoke from those pits caused health issues in more than 800 veterans in the
lawsuits, attorneys claim. At least a dozen affected have since died {2019}."
This symptom list includes some, but not all diseases or disorders associated with burn pit exposure:
Asthma, Breathing Restrictions, Various types of Cancers, Chronic Bronchitis, Recurring Infections, Cramps and Severe Abdominal
Pain, Diarrhea, Leukemia, Lung Cancer, Nose Bleeds, Pulmonary Injuries, Bronchiolitis, Severe Heart Conditions, Severe Headaches,
Skin Infections, Sleep Apnea, Throat Infections, Ulcers, Unexpected Weight Loss, Vomiting, and Weeping Lesions on Extremities.
The Burn Pits: The Poisoning of America's Soldiers - by Joseph Hickman
"Pogo coughin' bad from diesel fumes ~ Johnny tell the chaplain go and polish his tombs
Lying on the wasteground with a blanket on his face ~ Indicating that he's left the human race....
God you know it's hard to keep the fighting clean ~ clean clean ~ clean clean ~ clean clean ~ clean clean"
DARK SNOW: BLACK SNOW AND ICE CARBON EMISSIONS
"NGO Statement: IMO Must Tackle Impact of Black Carbon Emissions on Arctic" - Clean Artic Alliance
"Dark ice is helping Greenland’s glaciers retreat. The ice in Greenland this year isn’t just a little dark—it’s
record-setting dark. 'I was just stunned, really.' - Jason Box, Geological Surveyor of Denmark and Greenland
The photos he took this summer in Greenland are frightening. But their implications are even more so. Just like black cars
are hotter to the touch than white ones on sunny summer days, dark ice melts much more quickly. As a member of the , Box
travels to Greenland from his home in Copenhagen to track down the source of the soot that's speeding up the glaciers' disappearance.
He aptly calls his crowdfunded scientific survey, 'Dark Snow'."
"Why You Should Ditch Your Car For Your Next Ski Trip" - Snowriders International (2017)
DOUBLE CARBON EMISSIONS: EXAUST PIPES AND WORSE, TIRE WEAR AND EROSION
VIA ITS RUBBER AND MICROPLASTICS
There is very little "Rubber" in a rubber tire. Over years, more and more micro-plastic particles have been added.
"It is time to consider not just what comes out of a car's exhaust pipe but also particle pollution from tire and brake wear.
Our initial tests reveal that there can be a shocking amount of particle pollution from NEEs – 1,000 times worse
than emissions from a car's exhaust.
What is even more frightening is that while exhaust emissions have been tightly regulated for many years, tire wear
is totally unregulated – and with the increasing growth in sales of heavier SUVs and battery-powered electric
cars, non-exhaust emissions are a very serious problem." - Richard Lofthouse, senior researcher at Emissions Analytics
"The challenge to the industry and regulators is an almost complete black hole of consumer information, undone by frankly
out-of-date regulations still preoccupied with exhaust emissions. In the short term, fitting higher-quality
tires and to always have them inflated to the correct level is one way to reduce these NEEs.
Ultimately, though, the car industry may have to find ways to reduce vehicle weights, too. What is without doubt
on the horizon is much needed regulation to combat this problem. Whether that leads to specific types of low-emission,
harder-wearing tires is not for us to say – but change has to come.” - Nick Molden, CEO of Emissions
Analytics
"This ban will apply to tyres fitted to the front axle of heavy goods vehicles, buses, and coaches and
to the tyres on all axles of minibuses when fitted in single configuration. Re-treaded tyres will be subject to the
same restrictions as first-life tyres, where the date of re-treading will be used to determine the age of the tyre." - THE
UNITED KINGDOM
THE FOREVER CHEMICALS: MICROPLASTICS LEACH INTO WATER
TIRES ARE MADE OF MORE PLASTIC THAN RUBBER
| POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) COMPOUNDS |
|
| PRODUCTS: COAL TAR-PITCH KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGEN CONTAINING 200 PAH COMPOUNDS |
| "A COCKTAIL OF CONTAMINANTS IN CHESAPEAKE WATERS" |
|
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (2019) |
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
THE PFAS FAMILY
“PFAS” is short for perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substances – a family of chemicals used to make most
common household products, including vehicle tires, and waterproof clothing. An increasing number of drinking water sources
are finding them, with no level being "okay." People are getting cancer, and have won cases due to PFAS. Research continues
to determine more health effects and what treatments there might be to get rid of them, at least in water. What is clear
is that due to tire companies changing their formulas and materials, tire erosion is the prominent way micro particles of
perfluoroalkyl or polyfluoroalkyls quickly getting into water. The main hindrance to banning PFA's and the public understanding
the magnification of the problem, is the Environmental Protection Agency not doing their own tire testing, and demanding from
the tire manufacturers to reveal every miniscule aspect, including at least 2,000 chemicals that make the tires hard - the
materials as well as the process of bonds. Then testing what happens when tire erosion occurs, and how it quickly travels
into waterways, from gutters to driving on bridges and highways that deliver the PFAs ever more quickly - using gravity as
well as more likely wind due to natural wind and high speeds.
Below includes how some communities are coping and paying for the contaminations, with their personal live experiences, and
cleanups.
"Worse For Wear?: Pioneering Research is Providing the Clearest Picture Yet of the Scale of Waterborne Microplastic Pollution
From Tire Wear, and Legislative Change is Looking Likely" - Tire Technology International Magazine (2019)
"Reducing the Release of Microplastic from Tire Wear: Nordic Efforts - Nordic Council of Ministers (2020)
"Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment" - National Institute of Health (2017)
Chemistry Europe, an association of 16 European chemical societies.
"Car Tyres Produce Vastly More Particle Pollution Than Exhausts, Tests Show" - The Guardian (2022)
"Horn Point Scientists Track How Microplastics Move Through the Watershed" - University of Maryland Center for Environmental
Science (November 2022)
"'Forever Chemicals' Detected in Water Systems of Nearly 2,800 US Cities" - ABC News
"The Forever Chemicals - "Great Lakes Now" - Detroit Public TV (2019)
"Tire Wear a Major Source of Microplastics" - Plastics Today Magazine (2023)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are Class I ODS. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are Class II ODS.
"Ozone Protection under Title VI of the Clean Air Act" - EPA (2021)
"PTFE has a high resistance to both acids and bases. There is no known solvent for PTFE. The polymers in PTFE are uniformly
sheathed with fluorine atoms, making PTFE inert to virtually all chemicals...
Finally, PTFE is not affected by ultraviolet, visible or infrared light... Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high
temperature rating, PTFE is often utilized as the liner in hose assemblies, expansion joints, and in pipe lines, particularly
in applications using acids, alkalis or other chemicals. Then, no wearing phenomenon is awaited during the ordinary use of
PTFE since its excellent resistance proprieties. Considering the large use of PTFE in industry..."
"Specifically, the President will sign an Executive Order that sets an ambitious new target to make half of all
new vehicles sold in 2030 zero-emissions vehicles, including battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric, or fuel cell electric
vehicles. The Executive Order also kicks off development of long-term fuel efficiency and emissions standards to save consumers
money, cut pollution, boost public health, advance environmental justice, and tackle the climate crisis."
"Study Finds Automobile Tires are a Potential Source of Carcinogenic Dibenzopyrenes to the Environment - Green Car Congress
(2012)
"Automobile Tires - A Potential Source of Highly Carcinogenic Dibenzopyrenes to the Environment" - Environmental Science &
Technology (2019)
"Federal Sustainability Plan: Catalyzing America's Clean Energy Industries and Jobs" - The White House (December 2021)
THE PPD & DTPD FAMILIES
Family of PPD and DTPD chemicals used for tires. Ground Ozone bond
TYRE RUBBER AND MICRO-PLASTICS ⇶ 6PPD-QUINONE LEACH AND KILL IN WATER
SEEK: STREETCAR VERSUS BUS
Micronized particles released from car tires have been found to contribute substantially to microplastic
pollution, triggering the need to evaluate their effects on biota. .... The ingestion of another particle type (PS microplastic)
was found to cause a reduction in the growth of the same species.
- National Research Council of Italy - Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA) Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Verbania, Italy
(2022)
"Gradual wearing of the tire's surface against the road is why tires don't last forever. Modern tires contain lots of materials
besides rubber, some of which qualify as microplastic, the report said. According to one study cited in the report, most
of the 7 trillion particles of microplastic that washed into San Francisco Bay in 2019 came from tires.
Cities generate large amounts of microplastic from tires and garbage, but it's the highways leading out of them
that cause it to get swept up into the atmosphere. In cities, buildings act as wind barricades and cars are generally
driven at slower speeds, but in other areas, higher speeds and more wind allow particles to get kicked up more easily."
"It's like a preservative for tires, similar to how food preservatives keep food from spoiling too quickly, 6PPD
helps tires last by protecting them from ground-level ozone.
Ozone, a gas created when pollutants emitted by cars and other chemical sources react in the sunlight, breaks the bonds
holding the tire together. 6PPD helps by reacting with ozone before it can react with the tire rubber, sparing the tires.
But when 6PPD reacts with ozone, the researchers found that it was transformed into multiple chemicals, including
6PPD-quinone (pronounced "kwih-known"), the toxic chemical that is responsible for killing the salmon."
"EXTINCTION CRISIS" 1 in 5 reptiles face extinction.
Turtles survived dinosaur time, but not us humans. 21% of all Turtles. 1829 different species of Turtles face extinction.
"If all threatened reptiles would disappear, the would would lose a combined 15 billion years of evolutionarily history...."
"It'll take a big contribution by governments to change the trajectory we are on. One of the reptiles most at risk is turtles,
with 60% of the turtles species facing extinction, and a need of targeted conservation efforts." Scott Smith is a wildlife
ecologist for Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Surveys Wood Turtles. All can find are females. Healthy is 50/50
gender population....
"One of the concerns about losing biodiversity is that nearly all of our medicines, all of our foods, come from species.
So as we lose species, we potentially lose a cure to cancer."
"Toxicity of 6PPD-Quinone to Coho Salmon Under Varied Environmental Conditions"
"It is unlikely that coho salmon are uniquely sensitive, and the toxicology of 6PPD transformation products
in other aquatic species should be assessed....
If management of 6PPD-quinone discharges is needed to protect Coho Salmon or other aquatic organisms, adaptive regulatory
and treatment strategies along with source control and “green chemistry” substitutions (i.e., identifying demonstrably
non-toxic and environmentally benign replacement antioxidants) can be considered.
More broadly, we recommend more careful toxicological assessment for transformation products of all high production volume
commercial chemicals subject to pervasive environmental discharge." - Zhenyu Tian, University of Washington Scientist
"Tire wear particles are not only the type of polymer particles most prevalent in the environment but also act as source
of various organic , many of which are likely still unknown. ... Of the identified chemicals DPG showed
the highest intensities in aqueous extracts and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), the
precursor of 6-PPD-quinone, in acetone extracts. A comparison between the 69 detected suspects and 174 high-intensity
signals (>106) detected in the non-target screening led to an overlap of only 29 features. A detailed investigation of the
remaining high-intensity suspects revealed the presence of 13 proposed DPG reaction products, further highlighting the
chemical complexity of tires. Consequently, we conclude that there are many, often still unrecognized
chemicals entering the aquatic environment through leaching from tire wear particles."
"The antiozonant N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is added to tires to increase their lifetime
and is emitted with tire and road wear particles into the environment. .... A suspect screening by LC-HRMS showed 32 of
these TPs to occur in snow collected from urban roads as surrogate of road-runoff, where 6-PPDQ, 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA),
TP 213, and TP 249 were the most prominent besides 6-PPD. More than 90% of the total load of 6-PPD and its TPs was found
in the particulate fraction of snow. Thus, retaining the particulate fraction of road runoff before its discharge into
surface water would substantially reduce the emission of 6-PPD and many of its TPs.
"Tire Rubber-Derived 6-PPD Quinone: Testing for Newly Discovered Environmental Contaminant - Eurofins, SCIEX, and Phenomenex
Collaboration
"The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed" - Archives of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology - National Institute of Health (NIH) (August 4th, 2021)
"Discovery of Tire-Related Chemical That Kills Coho Salmon Sparks Widespread Response" - Puget Sound Institute (2021)
"Tires Producing More Particle Pollution than Tailpipes" - WDET National Public Radio (NPR) (2022)
"Acute Toxicity of a Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical, 6PPD Quinone, to Freshwater Fish and Crustacean Species" - American Chemical
Society (ACS) (2021)
"Acute Toxicity of a Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical, 6PPD Quinone, to Freshwater Fish and Crustacean Species" - Health & Environmental
Research Online (HERO) - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2021)
"Are Toxic Chemicals From Tires And Playground Surfaces Killing Endangered Salmon?" - House Natural Resources Committee -
United States House Rep. Katie Porter, Chair (2021) [Start at 10:15]
"Given the prevalence of these novel PPD-Qs and their parent compounds in respirable fine particulate matter, assessing
their exposure to humans is essential. Here, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of these contaminants for different subpopulation
groups including children, resident adults, and occupational workers under median (calculated with geometric mean) and high
(calculated with 95th percentile) exposure scenarios were assessed. ....
For different population groups, it is clear that the occupational workers under the high scenario showed the highest exposure
amount than the other groups, with their total EDI (2.66 ng kgbw–1 day–1) being almost six times greater than
that of the ordinary resident adults under the median scenario (0.44 ng kgbw–1 day–1). These results indicate
that the laborers who have high-frequency contact with the roadside ambient air like street cleaner or traffic police may
pay more attention to the potential adverse effects caused by these novel contaminants. Although the inhalation rate and
exposure frequency of children were lower than those of the adults, their total EDI was shown comparable in both median
(0.36/0.44 ng kgbw–1 day–1) and high scenarios (1.27/1.56 ng kgbw–1 day–1) due to their relatively
lower body weight. These EDI results of PPDs and their derivatives through ambient air inhalation are comparable to
the evaluated doses of other widely used synthetic additives and their transformation products like amino antioxidants
(0.02–0.48 ng kgbw–1 day–1) and phenolic antioxidants (0.2–124 ng kgbw–1 day–1)
through dust ingestion.6,40 This implies that both ambient air inhalation and dust ingestion are important exposure
pathways for these antioxidants as well as their derivatives.
"Tyre Dust: the 'Stealth Pollutant' That's Becoming a Huge Threat to Ocean Life" - The Guardian (2022)
"This tedious cleanup of between 500,000 and one million tires from a 34 acre area, equivalent to about 31 football
fields, is expected to take nearly seven years."
Osborne Reef, 2013 - Still far from removal goal of all the tires from failed Broward County Tire Reef.... - Project Baseline
[Guided Underwater film]
The Osborne Reef" - 4 Ocean (2021) Removing continues....
50th Annual Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Winter Colloquium (2022)
TESTIMONY: "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Sources of Ambient Quinones" - California Air Resources Board (2019)
"The antidegradant 6PPD is used in tires to increase their lifetime. When the tires roll across the road surface,
particularly as vehicles brake, accelerate, and turn, tire wear particles (TWP, including 6PPD and 6PPD-Q) are generated and
released into the environment, and then into the aquatic environment through rainwater and surface runoff, with a transfer
proportion of 6–23% (DTSC, 2021, Wagner et al., 2018). The estimated per capita emission of TWP is 0.23–4.7
kg/year, which may correspond to 2.3–94 g/year of 6PPD emissions, and a molar yield of 0.95% for 6PPD-Q formation
from the 6PPD within the TWPs (Hu et al., 2022, Kole et al., 2017). In road dust, parking lot dust and vehicle dust, the median
concentrations of 6PPD were 52.5, 241 and 19.3 ng/g, respectively, which were 32.2, 41.8 and 80.9 ng/g for 6PPD-Q, respectively,
and were orders of magnitude greater than those in house dust (0.3 ng/g)(Challis et al., 2021)."
6PPD-q and More: "Uptake, Metabolism, and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce" [Raw - root vegetables...]
- Environmental Science & Technology (2022)
| THIS IS CONTINENT OF EUROPE BANNING PAHS IN TIRES |
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| EUROPEAN COMMISSION |
"Citation: Hoyer, S.; Kroll, L.; Lippert,K.; Seidel, A. A Long-Term Study onthe Content of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons
in Rubber fromEnd-of-Life Tires of Passenger Carsand Trucks. Materials 2022,15, 7017.https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15197017Academic
Editor: Valentina BeghettoReceived: 1 August 2022Accepted: 30 September 2022Published: 10 October 2022Publisher’s Note:
MDPI stays neutralwith regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affil-iations.Copyright: ©
2022 by the authors.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms andconditions
of the Creative CommonsAttribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).materialsArticleA Long-Term
Study on the Content of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons in Rubber from End-of-Life Tires of PassengerCars and TrucksStefan
Hoyer 1, * , Lothar Kroll 1, Kirsten Lippert 2and Albrecht Seidel 21Department of Lightweight Structures and Polymer Technology,
Chemnitz University of Technology,Reichenhainer Straße 31/33, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany2Biochemical Institute for Environmental
Carcinogens Prof. Dr. Gernot Grimmer-Foundation,22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany*Correspondence: stefan.hoyer@mb.tu-chemnitz.de;
Tel.: +49-371-531-37814Abstract:At the European level, limits have been set (REACH) for the content of polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons
(PAH) in products with rubber and plastic components that come into contact withhuman skin or the oral cavity. These limit
values reported in Commission Regulation (EU) 1272/2013are of particular importance for the utilization of end-of-life tires
(ELT) as recycled rubber materialsfor consumer applications, but a suitable analytical method has not yet been specified.
On theother hand, comprehensive measurement series of the PAH content of ELT materials are scarce inthe context of compliance
testing against this regulation and general published PAH levels in ELTmaterials are often based on very different analytical
methods. In the present work, the PAH contentof three different rubber granulates from ELT (obtained from whole truck and
passenger car tires andtruck tire treads) were investigated over a period of two years. The Grimmer method was used forPAH
profile analysis, which in terms of extraction intensity and sample preparation not only meetsthe requirements for a
reliable determination of the EU priority PAH, but in addition covers a morecomprehensive PAH profile. A total of 26
different PAH compounds, including the 8 EU priorityPAH (REACH) and the 16 U.S. EPA priority PAH, were analyzed and their
variations over time wereexamined to obtain reliable current data for PAH content in rubber granulates produced from ELT.Keywords:end-of-life
tires; truck and passenger car tires; recycling; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH); REACH1.
Tires are made from rubber compounds consisting of a vast number of components,including natural and synthetic rubber, plasticizer
oils, amorphous silica, and carbonblack as filler and pigment as well as a variety of other additives and auxiliary
materialsof lesser quantity [1]. Among this complex mixture of components both plasticizer oilsand carbon black are a source
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [2], a group oftoxic compounds known to pose a risk to human health
"The need to regulate the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles has been discussed worldwide due to
the bad environmental impact and the toxicity to the human body. In depth studies have been precisely conducted on the analysis
of the non-exhaust particulate matters, in particular, the amount of tire, brake and road wear particles and their proportion
in the atmosphere. ....
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP), tiny particles generally induced to the abrasion between tire and road when a vehicle
runs, are mainly generated at the frictional surface between tires and roads, and contain various substances that were used
in the tire tread and road pavement. Heavy particles of the generated TRWP accumulate on roads and roadsides by vehicular
movement and wind, while lighter particles are suspended in the atmosphere and then descend onto the surface of roads and
roadsides after the stabilization of the traffic and atmospheric conditions over time. Such particles either settle in soil
with moisture during rains or road‐washing, or they flow into rivers and seas. Therefore, TRWP impacts the atmosphere
and soil, as well as the aquatic environment. ....
The marker based analysis used in this study reveals that the mass fractions of tire particles and tire road wear particles
in the air are 1.6% and 3.13% for the sample point of 10m, and 0.4% and 0.8% for 70m. The concentration of benzo(b)fluoranthene
is the highest in PAH, and Zn among the metal components exhibits the highest concentration in all tire samples and calcium
in the air. ....
Pyrene showed the highest concentration in the PAH analysis, due to the aromatic oil, which was used during the tire manufacturing
process. In TSP, the high concentration was benzo(b)fluoranthene, and the low concentration of pyrene in the atmosphere originates
from tires. These results are very similar to the previous study that reported pyrene detection in tires and in the atmosphere.
The other substances appear to have been affected by the exhaust gases emitted from the combustion process."
"Automobile Tires-A Potential Source of Highly Carcinogenic Dibenzopyrenes to the Environment" - Environmental Science and
Technology (2012)
"On Fractioning the Tire Pyrolysis Oil in a Pilot-Scale Distillation Plant under Industrially Relevant Conditions" - Energy
and Fuels (2023)
EUROPEAN ACTION ⇶ 6PPD-QUINONE LEACH AND KILL IN WATER
"The synthetic blight is thought to be pushing whale species to the brink of extinction and has been blamed for declining
human fertility rates, and 2 million deaths a year.
The European Union's (EU) 'restrictions roadmap' published on Monday was conceived as a first step to transforming this picture
by using existing laws to outlaw toxic substances linked to cancers, hormonal disruption, reprotoxic disorders, obesity, diabetes
and other illnesses.
Industry groups say that up to 12,000 substances could ultimately fall within the scope of the new proposal, which would constitute
the world’s “largest ever ban of toxic chemicals”, according to the European Environmental Bureau (EEB)."
"EU Unveils Plan for Largest Ever Ban on Dangerous Chemicals: Up to 12,000 Substances Could Fall Within the Scope of the New
Restrictions Roadmap'" - The Guardian (2022)
Question 2: "In view of the fact that microplastics from car tyres constitute one of the largest sources of microplastics
in the environment in Europe, can the Commission state whether environmental quality standards (EQS) will be established for
nano- and microplastics from tyres or other uses of plastics, and/or EQS for dangerous substances, including 6PPD in tyres
and other plastic applications due to the extensive usage and wear? Moreover, will there thus also be requirements for wastewater
and rainwater concentrations and discharged amounts of these pollutants and materials?"
"Policy measures to deal with microplastics under the, 'Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive'." Proposal due in 2022.
EUROPEAN ACTION ⇶ PAHS KILL IN AIR, WATER. & SOIL
DECEMBER 18TH, 2006
2005 & 2010
"EU Ban on Chemicals in Tyres: From 1st January 2010 Certain Chemicals Used in the Manufacture of Tyres are Banned Under Chemical
Legislation" - REACH - The Health and Safety Authority of Ireland
DECEMBER 6TH, 2013
"Commission Regulation (EU) No 1272/2013 of 6 December 2013 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European
Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" - The European Parliment & European Commission (2013)
2020
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) of XXX amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the
Council as regards polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in granules or mulches used as infill material in synthetic turf
pitches or in loose form on playgrounds or in sport applications - European Commission (2020)
New Tire Labelling Regulation (EU) 2020/740 - Goodyear (2021)
"Tyre Regulations" - European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturers Association (2021)
On Dec. 18, 2006, the EU/EC issued the regulation 1907/2006/EC (REACH). It requires that as of Jan. 1, 2010, the total concentration
of 8 specified PAHs must be less than 10 parts per million and the concentration of BaP must be less than 1.0 parts per million
in the oils isolated from the treads of all tires manufactured within or imported into the EU.
The eight EU-targeted PAHs are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene,
benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a) pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene. No analytical method was designated by this EU regulation with
which to quantify the eight specific PAHs in the tire extracts.
"A Cancer Plan for Europe" - European Commission
"Cancer-Causing PAHs in Clay Targets Need an EU-Wide Ban" - ECHA European Union
Process oils and carbon blacks are widely used in making rubber compounds, including tires...
Process oils and carbon blacks, along with the PAHs contained in them, improve the processability of the rubber compounds
and, when used in tire treads, enhance important rubber performance characteristics such as wet grip, wear and durability.
Once the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons become part of the Tires, especially as part of
tire treads, some of the fine tire debris left on highways and city streets eventually become airborne. Some PAHs,
such as BaP, are known human carcinogens.
"President Biden signed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) on November 15, 2021. The BIL appropriates $1 billion to the
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) specifically to address emerging contaminants, including perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFAS) in wastewater, stormwater, and nonpoint source pollution. This is a unique opportunity to prioritize investment
to local communities that are on the frontline of contamination and that have few options to finance solutions through traditional
programs. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Water (OW) is committed to partnering with federal agencies,
states, Tribes, territories, and water utilities to address PFAS and other emerging contaminants adversely impacting the environment
and public health in communities throughout the nation."
THE ELEMENTS
"The aspect of the tire that contributes the most to greenhouse gas emissions—around 86 percent of its effect-is related
to the amount of the extra fuel that tires cause engines to burn to overcome the rubber's resistance to rolling."
"Combining used cooking oil, palm-oil fuel ash, and crumb rubber produces a biobased binder that can be used in asphalt pavement.
However, Yu and his colleagues have a long way to go; cold mixes are still used mostly as patching material. “Performance
is worse compared to hot mix asphalt or warm mix asphalt, especially when the crumb rubber is incorporated."
"Heat Wave Melted County Roads, Buckled Sidewalks: Extreme Temperatures in Late June, Likely a Result of Climate Change, Damaged
Asphalt and Concrete." - Herald Net (Everett, Washington) (2021)
BATTERIES: LITHIUM-ION EXPLOSIONS AND FIRES
"THIS IS WHAT WE DIE FOR"
"CBS News Finds Children Mining Cobalt in Democratic Republic of Congo" - Amnesty International and CBS News (2018)
"Boy Describes Struggle of Mining Cobalt in Democratic Republic of Congo" - CBS News (2018)
"We Work to End Child Labour in Democratic Republic of Congo's Cobalt Mines" - International Labour Organization (2021)
"When I was first introduced to the industry, fires were our dirty little secret. We had been having fire incidents since
the beginning of time, but as an industry, the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery wave really threw us for a loop. I saw
the writing on the wall in 2016 and 2017, but in 2018, we experienced the crash of lithium-ion batteries in waste streams
across the globe, from Japan, Austria, Sweden France, Germany, UK, Australia, Canada, and the U.S."
"Battery Thermal Event" - Lithium-Ion Battery Explosions and Fires
"Gadget Graveyard: We Found the Hidden Death Dates on Popular Devices" - The Washington Post (2022)
"Making the Entire U.S. Car Fleet Electric Could Cause Lithium Shortages: Converting the Existing U.S. Car Fleet to Electric
Vehicles Would Require More Lithium Than the World Currently Produces, Showing the Need to Move Away From Private Cars as
a Primary Means of Travel" - Scientific American Magazine (2023)
"Recycled Lithium-Ion Batteries Can Perform Better Than New Ones" - Scientific American Magazine (2022)
"'This $650 million is a significant investment, {but} 'What the industry really needs is checks in the billions
of dollars,' Moores said, 'Otherwise these EV goals will not be met.' GM’s investment in Lithium America 'is only
literally one piece of an ever-growing puzzle,' he added. Nickel will also be important for automakers, in addition to lithium,
Moores told CNBC. 'Lithium and nickel are really what terrifies EV makers,' Moores told CNBC. 'You've got to scale significantly.'
Beyond taking lithium out of the ground, EV makers will have to scale up production of chemical versions of those minerals,
such as lithium hydroxide carbonate and nickel sulfate, which make the supply chain scaling process, 'Just that little
bit harder and a bit more longer term,' Moores said."
"The Secret Pollution That All Cars Are Guilty Of" IT'S THE TYRES | TIRES - Fully Charged Show (2021)
FUDBusting! Are Tire Particulates Worse Than Exhaust Emissions?! - Transport Evolved (2022)
"Enso Tyres: Developing Sustainable Tires for Electric Vehicles" - Environmental Social Justice (2022)
"How Humans Are Exploiting the Oceans" - DW Documentary (2023)
"The Cobalt Challenge: The Dark Side of the Energy Transition" - DW Documentary (2023)
True Cost: "Are Lithium Batteries For Electric Vehicles Costing The Earth?" - Insider News (2023)
"How Sodium-Ion Batteries May Challenge Lithium" -CNBC (2023)
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