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"There's various kinds of oil afloat ~ Cod liver, Castor, Sweet;
Which tend to make a sick man well ~ And set him on his feet.
But ours a curious feat performs;
We just a well obtain,
And set the people crazy with ~ 'Oil on the brain.'"
Instrumental
ASPHALT USES: WHY TO NO LONGER USE, & SOLUTIONS (METAL & GREEN ROOFS)
HOW ASPHALT ROOF SHINGLES ARE MADE:
Asphalt roof shingles have an over 100 year history, that continues to have asbestos used to keep them fire retardant. When
one has a new roof installed, often it is placed over the old roof, saving money for the homeowner or business. It is conclusive
that energies need to be placed on making metal roofing installations safer for workers through hands of industry manufacturers.
"Asphalt" - Environmental Protection Agency [Part 4] (Various years) (2020)
"Asphalt Shingles" - "How It's Made"
"How GAF Roof Shingles Are Manufactured" - KBAK TV 29 CBS
"How Shingles Are Made" - CertainTeed Roofing
"Asphalt shingles have three major components: asphalt, felts, and colored mineral or ceramic granules. Asphalt is
a byproduct of petroleum distillation and also occurs in natural deposits. This dense mixture of hydrocarbons provides
the waterproofing for the shingle. The felt fibers reinforce and stabilize the asphalt, while the granule aggregates
protect the assembly from sun, wind, rain and minor foot traffic."
"Waterproof, Fire-Resisting" - H. M. Reynolds Asphalt Roof Shingle Sampler - H. M. Reynolds Shingle Company - Internet Archives
"A Look Back in Time at the Rise of the Roofing Industry: Much has Changed in the Way We've Topped Off our Structures Over
the Last Two Centuries." - Architect Magazine (2015)
"Paving and Roofing Materials Effluent Guidelines" - EPA
DIRECT FROM THE INDUSTRY:
Asphalt roofing needs Algae protection:
"Algae Discoloration of Roofs" - Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association
"The Fight Against Algae: Manufacturers have a Long History of Trying to Curb Algae Growth on Shingles" - Professional Roofing
Magazine, National Roofing Contractors Association
"Recycled asphalt shingles have most commonly been used in pavement, which offsets the need for new asphalt
and aggregate, and additional uses are being explored."
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing Association recommends recycled asphalt Shingles (RAS) to be used as air pollutants;
"A dust and erosion control agent for rural roads and construction sites, and a fuel supplement in incinerators for energy
generation."
"Each year in the U.S., roughly 13 million tons of asphalt material gets torn off of old roofs to make way for new
asphalt shingles. Currently, only about 10% of that tear-off gets recycled for use in paving and other roadway
projects. That leaves about 12 million tons of waste to get shipped to landfills each year." ...
"GAF received three patents for the new recycling process, which involves grinding torn-off shingles into a refined RAS
material and ultimately reintroducing it into the manufacturing process. It has the potential to significantly reduce
the amount of virgin asphalt needed to make new shingles, without compromising GAF's high product quality and performance
standards."
Unable to move is captured in the video....
WHY "RECLAIMED," "REUSED," "RECYCLED" or ANY OTHER USE IS MORE THAN TOXIC:
CANCER: VINYL CHLORIDE, ASBESTOS, AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, AND MORE........
FOREVER CHEMICALS
"Because when you are working out in the plant, you're exposed to several different compounds. The vehicle importance is
a responsibility of management and labor unions to educate workers in their immediate supervisors on the risk present in the
workplace. This is a regular safety session for supervisors run by Dow Chemical in their Texas plant. Minimizing exposure
to the employees and to the community is a responsibility that must also be shared by the workers as well. To assume this
responsibility, they must first be formed about the risks. 'Well I think the men should be told before they start the job,
what the chances are, and let them make the choice. The government should step in and do something about this. I mean, why
let them young people die?'
'The prevention of occupational disease and occupational cancer in the workplace cannot be looked upon as an advisory battle.
Advisory between labor and management, or indeed between the labor management and the consuming public
"Reclaimed asphalt can contain relevant amounts of pollutants such as carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) and toxic metals." ....
"A more detailed analysis of individual PAHs shows increased concentrations of certain carcinogenic PAHs like benzo(a)pyrene
(13), in leachates of unaged materials with rejuvenator C. This 5-ring PAH has a low water solubility and a high log Kow value
of 6.0 (Table 4). Other PAHs, especially 2- to 3-ring PAHs with lower log Kow values of 3.5–4.6, are retained better
in the material with rejuvenator. We conclude that the leachability of individual PAHs is structure-dependent. It is influenced
by size, water solubility and partitioning coefficient (log Kow)."
Even if PAH leachate concentrations were low, there is a potential for a steady release of PAHs during
continuous exposure to rain.
1. Are there stern OHSA laws that protect workers from the chemicals they are exposed to embedded in roofing products they
handle by hand?
No. There is however, a general precaution guide.
"Hand Protection: Personal Protective Equipment" | Standard Number: 1910.138 - Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHA)
2. Are there any federal or if not, any state law that protect people from asphalt fumes? Even a permissible exposure level?
"There is no OSHA standard or permissible exposure level of asphalt fumes, although a 5 mg/m 3 permissible exposure
limit (PEL) was proposed in 1992. OSHA's quantitative risk assessment estimated a significant risk of lung cancer among exposed
workers at levels as low as 0.2 mg/m 3. .... The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) currently
recommends a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 0.5 mg/m³ as an 8-hour time-weighted average1. NIOSH currently recommends no more
than 5 mg/m³ for a maximum exposure per 15-minute short-term exposure in addition to assigning a carcinogenicity designation."
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA)
3. What is asphalt made from?
Asphalt is made from petroleum, which naturally have various Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS), a grouping of chemicals
that are known carcinogens, known to cause various tumors and cancers, as well as deformities from birth in nearly all creatures
in the world. If you haven't already, please seek page link here:
MANUFACTURING ASPHALT WITH ASBESTOS
"Asbestos In The Home" - U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
"Why Isn't Asbestos Banned in the United States?: Despite Evidence That There is No Safe Level of Exposure, Efforts to Ban
Asbestos in the United States Have Been Repeatedly Blocked by Industry." - Asbestos Nation (2023)
Yes, it is still valid - not old. Pretty much everything still has asbestos, as lower levels used in new products is still
not "safe" for anyone.
"The Voice of the European Asphalt Industry" - European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA)
"Making Asphalt from Used Tires" - Guam's Vids
"Evil Dust: Late Lessons From Early Warnings" - Documentary [UK]
"Asbestos: The Wittenoom Tragedy" - Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia
"Asbestos and Cancer" (1978)
1977: TEXTURED PAINT & PATCHING COMPOUNDS
Used on walls and ceiling joints.
2002 MINING:
Mining for Asbestos was banned by the United States Government in 2002.
Final Asbestos Ruling
"In April 2019, EPA issued a final rule to ensure that asbestos products that are no longer on the market cannot
return to commerce without the Agency evaluating them and putting in place any necessary restrictions or prohibiting use."
"Final Rule" is NOT FINAL: "EPA’s April 2019 final rule to ensure that asbestos products that are no longer
on the market cannot return to commerce without the Agency evaluating them and putting in place any necessary restrictions
or prohibiting use."
4. Today - currently; are there any new (no recycled content) manufactured asphalt roof shingles in the United States?
What about other countries?
Yes, but "little" amounts allowed.
5. Today - currently; are there any new (with recycled content) manufactured asphalt roof shingles made with asbestos in
the United States?
Yes. No known amount of asbestos is measured due to melt and mix.
6. Does the United States still allow asphalt roof shingles to be produced with asbestos today?
Yes, but "little" amounts allowed.
CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS BAN: "Biden-Harris Administration Finalizes Ban on Ongoing Uses of Asbestos to Protect People From Cancer"
- EPA (March 18. 2024)
"Chrysotile Asbestos Fact Sheet" - The Asbestos and Silica Safety and Eradication Agency, Australian Government (2019)
Serpentine ~ Chrysotile (White Asbestos): "The Who, What, Why, Where, When, and How of Asbestos Demolitions and Renovations"
[Page 7] - Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality Enviroschool
"Chrysotile asbestos fibers were added to roofing products, including roof cement, for several decades. The fibers were
described as "encapsulated" and therefore incapable of being released, an assertion that is disproved by the study
reported herein."
"Albin et al. (1990) examined total and cause-specific mortality among 1929 Swedish asbestos cement workers employed at a
plant producing various products (e.g. sheets, shingles, ventilation pipes) from chrysotile and, to a lesser
extent, crocidolite and amosite asbestos.
As late as 1973, some talc products sold in the USA contained detectable levels of chrysotile asbestos, tremolite, or anthophyllite.
In the previous IARC Monograph (IARC, 1977), the epidemiological evidence showed a high incidence of lung cancer among
workers exposed to chrysotile, amosite, anthophyllite, and with mixed fibres containing crocidolite, and tremolite."
"The bulk sample of asbestos was found to contain 80-90% chrysotile." [Page 4]
7. Do asphalt-cement shingles contain asbestos? Even new ones?
Yes, but "little" amounts allowed.
"Asbestos Laws and Regulations" - Environmental Protection Agency
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
1977: TEXTURED PAINT & PATCHING COMPOUNDS
Used on walls and ceiling joints.
2002 MINING:
Mining for Asbestos was banned by the United States Government in 2002.
Final Asbestos Ruling
"In April 2019, EPA issued a final rule to ensure that asbestos products that are no longer on the market cannot
return to commerce without the Agency evaluating them and putting in place any necessary restrictions or prohibiting use."
"Final Rule" is NOT FINAL: "EPA’s April 2019 final rule to ensure that asbestos products that are no longer
on the market cannot return to commerce without the Agency evaluating them and putting in place any necessary restrictions
or prohibiting use."
"Three of the major health effects associated with asbestos exposure are lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis."
Asbestos; Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) A Rule by the Environmental
Protection Agency on 07/25/2023 - Federal Register
15 USC Ch. 53: TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT - Title 15-Commerce and Trade [Current]
15 USC Ch. 53: TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT - Title 15-Commerce and Trade [Original] (1994)
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) - USC Environmental Health & Safety
"The Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act - (2016) [Amends Toxic Substances Control Act]
THE FOREVER CHEMICALS: PAHS, & PFAS
FEDERAL: "There are currently NO specific OSHA standards for asphalt fumes. Exposures to various chemical
components of asphalt fumes are addressed in specific standards for the general and construction industries, such as personal
protective equipment (PPE).
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA)
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers’ Association (ARMA)
Asphalt Institute (AI)
United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers, and Allied Workers (UURWAW)
CIRCA 2000: "8.5.2 Roofing Operations
!-! Continue to evaluate the various types of asphalt kettles and determine what types of engineering controls and design
configurations provide optimal reductions in asphalt fume exposure. Investigate alternative methods for feeding asphalt into
the kettle that will reduce the need for and frequency of lifting the kettle lid. The efficacy of new “low-fuming”
asphalts should be evaluated.
!-! Investigate all sources of asphalt fume exposure during the application of hot asphalt to roofs and determine what types
of engineering control methods and work practice changes can be instituted to reduce such exposures.
!-! Evaluate procedures and equipment used during roof tear-off to determine the most effective means of reducing worker exposures.
8.5.3 Waterproofing Operations
!-! Investigate methods (e.g., engineering controls, work practices) that are effective in minimizing airborne and dermal
exposures during the application of asphalt waterproofing materials.
8.6 Training and Education Effectiveness
!-! Ascertain the effectiveness of current training and educational efforts to inform workers of the potential hazards associated
with working with asphalt. Develop intervention strategies where warranted" [Pages 99-100]
SEEK ALSO:
Appendix B: Summary of Occupational Exposure Data: "Table B-3. Exposures During Hot-Mix Asphalt Preparations" [Page 125] |
"Table B-4. Exposures During Roofing Operations" [3 Pages 126 - 128] | "Table B-5. Exposures During Manufacturing of Roofing
Products [2 Pages 129 - 130] | Appendix C: "Respirators" [Page 132]
"2.3 TYPES AND GRADES OF ROOFING ASPHALTS [4 basic roofing asphalt]
(1) Coating-Grade Asphalt: an oxidized asphalt used to make shingles and roll roofing;
(2) Mopping-Grade Asphalt: an oxidized asphalt that is melted and used in the construction of BUR and modified bitumen systems;
(3) Modified Bitumen-Based Asphalt: a lightly oxidized or nonoxidized asphalt used in saturated felt plies for the construction
of BUR systems and in organic felt shingles or organic roll roofing; and
(4) Saturant-Grade Asphalt: a lightly oxidized or nonoxidized asphalt used in saturated felt plies for the construction of
BUR systems and in organic felt shingles or roll roofing."
CIRCA 2003 AND CONTINUES: "Currently, no Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard exists for asphalt
fumes. In a 1988 proposed rule on air contaminants, OSHA proposed a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 5 mg/m3 as an
8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) for asphalt fume exposures in general industry. This proposal was based on a preliminary
finding that asphalt fumes should be considered a potential carcinogen [53 Fed. Reg.* 21193]."
CIRCA 1977: "In a 1977 criteria document [NIOSH 1977], NIOSH established a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5.0 mg/m3
as a 15-min ceiling limit for asphalt fumes measured as total particulates. The NIOSH REL was intended to protect workers
against acute effects of exposure to asphalt fumes, including irritation of the serous membranes of the conjunctivae and the
mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
"Asphalt shingles are one of the most popular types of roofing materials used in North America. They are made from a mixture
of asphalt, fiberglass, and mineral granules. Asphalt is a petroleum-based product, which means it contains some
potentially harmful chemicals. However, the asphalt used in roofing shingles is typically modified with additives to make
it more durable and resistant to weathering."
"A recent assessment of the anthropogenic sources and annual releases of toxic chemicals to the Puget Sound basin identified
roof runoff to be a significant contributor of certain metals and comparatively minor sources of phthalates and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
(Ecology, 2011a). Ecology obtained information on chemical concentrations used to derive these estimates primarily from the
published literature. Table A-1 summarizes the concentration ranges used for the loading study. The study found that approximately
80% of the zinc, 60% of the cadmium, 20% of the arsenic, and 10% of the copper released in the Basin were associated with
roof runoff (Ecology 2011a).
Table A-1. "Estimated release of selected chemicals from roofing in the Puget Sound basin.": Estimated Range of Concentrations
(ug/l): PAHs 0.61 – 2.06 ....
Further, little evaluation has been conducted of the newer, synthetic materials such as ethylene propylene diene monomer
(EPDM or rubber roofing), thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), and flexible PVC. These types of roofs may also be expected to release
phthalates into roof runoff. Nor have researchers evaluated PAHs in runoff from built-up roofs (BUR) installed
using either coal tar or asphalt, or asphalt shingle roofs. Modified BURs can include asphalt layered with a substrate
such as Atactic Polypropylene (APP) or Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS). Runoff from these materials has not been assessed
for many of the chemicals that could potentially leach from them."
ASPHALT ROOFS ARE.URBAN HEAT ISLAND MELTING MAGNETS
'See the Asphalt, the hot roofs, and see the steam permeate out of these hard heat-trapping surfaces" .... Climate-Resilient
....
Moving from asphalt shingles to metal is showcased in reducing urban heat island temperatures. We start in Singapore, with
an insatiable appetite for more and more buildings, to move to direct cooling. Methods from above - and below.
District Cooling: "How Singapore Uses Science to Stay Cool" - Bloomberg Originals City Lab (2021)
Metal Film Roofs: "Heat Wave: Cooling Our Cities Without Air Conditioning" - Bloomberg Originals (2023)
Scroll to Last Page (1998): EPA Preparing Documents: "Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM), Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds
(PAH), Air Emissions Sources Locatin Air Emissions Sources, and Hazardous Air Pollutants"
"We conducted similar solar exposure experiments with liquid asphalt used in roofing and pavement sealing applications
with the dual objectives of investigating (i) reactive organic emissions from roofing asphalt and (ii) temperature versus
solar-related emissions from asphalt binder (without the presence of aggregates). A thin layer of viscous liquid asphalt was
held at 75°C (a typical summer-time maxima attained by asphalt-coated roofs; see section S2) (48) for 46 hours to decrease
temperature-driven emission pathways and/or reservoirs before the solar lamp was turned on (fig. S11). Total emissions declined
over time during the heating-only period, consistent with previous observations under constant temperature, followed by a
260% increase with solar irradiance (relative to 46th hour emissions; Fig.3D). This included increases in hydrocarbons
(250%), sulfur-containing compounds (500%), and oxygen-containing compounds (400%), although the latter two contributed less
than 4% to total emissions. Yet, these observations from both road and liquid asphalt indicate that artificial solar radiation
produced enhancements in oxygen/sulfur-containing emissions, which are otherwise lower at in-use temperatures."
"S2. Road and Roofing Asphalt Temperature During Summer
Asphalt pavements and asphalt-based roofing attain high temperatures especially in summertime conditions. Scientific studies
and other reports show that road asphalt often reaches temperatures above its typical softening point (~50 °C) and, higher
than 60 °C during hot summer days. This is due to low solar reflectance of asphalt pavements that varies from <5% for freshly
paved roads to ~15% for pavements that have been in use for over 5-6 years. Road asphalt also retains heat and can get up
to 20 °C warmer than the ambient air above its surface during summer. In +large urban centers such as megacities, air temperature
is generally higher than surrounding areas due to the urban heat island effect which is exacerbated during summer, thus maintaining
high road asphalt temperatures (40-60 °C) even in non-peak sunlight hours. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration requires
commonly-used PG 64-22 grade road asphalt to withstand pavement temperature highs up to 64°C for 7 days before it is approved
for road application. In the roofing industry, asphalt is primarily used as liquid roofing asphalt and asphalt shingles
both of which reach temperatures up to 70-80 °C during hot summer days and could be up to 30 °C hotter than non-black roofs.
In the future, the urban heat island effect is likely to be amplified as a result of changing climate which is expected
to make cities significantly warmer over the next few decades than the hottest conditions on record from the late 20th century."
- Supplementary Materials for "Asphalt-related emissions are a major missing nontraditional source of secondary organic aerosol
precursors"
FIND MORE "Here, we leverage potential emission estimates and usage data to construct a bottom-up inventory of asphalt-related
emissions in the United States. In 2018, we estimate that hot-mix, warm-mix, emulsified, cutback, and roofing asphalt generated
∼380 Gg (317 Gg–447 Gg) of organic compound emissions. The impacts of these emissions on anthropogenic SOA and
ozone throughout the contiguous United States are estimated using photochemical modeling. In several major cities, asphalt-related
emissions can increase modeled summertime SOA, on average, by 0.1–0.2 μg m−3 (2–4% of SOA) and may
reach up to 0.5 μg m−3 at noontime on select days."
Austin, Texas - First to Ban Coal-Tar Sealants in 2003:
"On October 17, 2019, the Austin City Council passed an amendment to the coal tar ban ordinance changing the definition
from 'coal tar containing products' to 'high PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) pavement products'. The amended ordinance
went into effect January 1st, 2020. The ordinance prohibits the sale and use of pavement products with more than .1% (1000
ppm) PAH by weight within the City and its ETJ (extra territorial jurisdiction)."
"Coal-Tar-Based Pavement Sealcoat, PAHs, and Environmental Health" - U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Department of the
Interior (2019)
"Asphalt shingles are one of the most popular types of roofing materials used in North America. They are made from a mixture
of asphalt, fiberglass, and mineral granules. Asphalt is a petroleum-based product, which means it contains some
potentially harmful chemicals. However, the asphalt used in roofing shingles is typically modified with additives to make
it more durable and resistant to weathering."
Aspen Contracting dances around asphalt shingles being toxic by not mentioning Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, found in
petroleum naturally. PAHS are added through "recycling" - remaking new asphalt shingles from old, so the level,
the amount of PAHS goes up. "More durable" can indicate that PPD family of chemicals may be used, just like in
tires.
REGULATIONS, OR THERE LACK OF
"Asphalt Processing and Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for
Major Sources" - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2020)
TABLE 1 TO SUBPART AAAAAAA OF PART 63—EMISSION LIMITS FOR ASPHALT PROCESSING (REFINING) OPERATIONS
For * * * You must meet the following emission limits * * *
1. Blowing stills................................
a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.003 lb/ton of asphalt charged to the blowing stills; or
b. Limit PM emissions to 1.2 lb/ton of asphalt charged to the blowing stills.
TABLE 2 TO SUBPART AAAAAAA OF PART 63—EMISSION LIMITS FOR ASPHALT ROOFING MANUFACTURING (COATING) OPERATIONS
For * * *
1. Coater-only production lines ................... a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.0002 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured;
or
b. Limit PM emissions to 0.06 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured.
2. Saturator-only production lines ...............
a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.0007 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured;
b. Limit PM emissions to 0.30 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured.
3. Combined saturator/coater production lines.
a. Limit PAH emissions to 0.0009 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured; or
b. Limit PM emissions to 0.36 lb/ton of asphalt roofing product manufactured.
TABLE 3 TO SUBPART AAAAAAA OF PART 63—TEST METHODS
For * * * You must use * * *
1. Selecting the sampling locations a and the number of traverse points. EPA test method 1 or 1A in appendix A to part 60.
2. Determining the velocity and volumetric flow rate.
EPA test method 2, 2A, 2C, 2D, 2F, or 2G, as appropriate, in appendix A to part 60.
3. Determining the gas molecular weight used for flow rate determination. EPA test method 3, 3A, 3B, as appropriate, in appendix
A to part 60.
4. Measuring the moisture content of the stack gas.
EPA test method 4 in appendix A to part 60.
5. Measuring the PM emissions ................. EPA test method 5A in appendix A to part 60.
6. Measuring the PAH emissions ............... EPA test method 23 b with analysis by SW–846 Method 8270D.
a.The sampling locations must be located at the outlet of the process equipment (or control device, if applicable), prior
to any releases to the atmosphere.
b.When using EPA Method 23, the toluene extraction step specified in section 3.1.2.1 of the method should be omitted."
[Tables continue to end - Page 525.]
ASPHALT ROADS:
"The historic heat, generally attributed to climate change, affected roads and other right-of-way infrastructure in 18 counties,
including Snohomish and prompted Gov. Jay Inslee to declare a state of emergency. ....The Washington State Department of Transportation
estimates over $2.6 million in expenses for highways and interstates the agency manages. Government staff have over a year
to submit funding requests.
Physics was the culprit. As something heats, it expands. But concrete in roads, generally hotter than recorded air temperature,
can only expand so much before the pressure overwhelms expansion joints. For a surface like asphalt, the mixture can start
to liquefy in sustained high temperatures. 'One of the reasons we experienced the problem we did is there was very little
cooling at night for the concrete panels, causing them to continue to absorb heat and be prone to damage from expansion,'
WSDOT spokesman Jordan Longacre said in an email. 'Concrete panels in our state are poured in cooler temperatures, so when
temperature rises they tend to expand even more than a panel that is poured in warmer temperatures. This region experiences
more significant temperature swings with thawing and freezing than other regions such as California and Arizona.' .... The
temperatures partially liquefied asphalt on sections of Machias Road and the Mountain Loop Highway, causing the layers
of asphalt and chip-seal overlay to separate. ....
'Heavy truck traffic can add stress and accelerate the damage,” Snohomish County road maintenance director Jim Parker
said in an email. “A road in this state will often have a ‘wet’ or ‘shiny’ appearance, and parts
of the surface layer may crack or come apart. In some rare circumstances and extreme heat the asphalt may become “sticky”
and adhere to vehicle tires, causing potholes or a rough driving surface.'
"The results show that the greenhouse gas emissions from the mixture mixing phase are the highest, and account for about 54%
of the total amount. The second highest GHG emission phase is the production of raw materials. For GHG emissions of cement
stabilized base/subbase, the production of raw materials emits the most, about 98%. The GHG emission for cement production
alone is about 92%. The results indicate that any measures to reduce GHG emissions from asphalt pavement construction should
be focused on the raw materials manufacturing stage. ...
For expressways, asphalt pavement is predominantly used, accounting for over 90%, compared to cement concrete pavement.
The asphalt pavement is composed of aggregate, cement, and asphalt binders. The manufacture of the raw materials and construction
of asphalt pavements consumes a lot of energy and emits large quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs)."
"Well, this cat's been out on the town
I'm the cat's meow, I'm the king with the crown
My head is spinning, I've got the shakes
Can't stop now cause I've got no breaks
This cat's on a hot tin roof
This cat is gonna shake it loose
This cat don't get the blues
This cat's shakin' on a hot tin roof"
COOL! METAL ROOF SHINGLES:
"Cool roofing can help address the problem of heat islands, which results in part from the combined heat of numerous
individual hot roofs in a city or suburb. Cool roofing products are made of highly reflective and emissive materials that
can remain approximately 50 to 60°F (28-33°C) cooler than traditional materials during peak summer weather."
METAL ROOFS
Life Span: Metal Roofs can last up to 80 years (shingle roofs typically last 20 to 30 years).
FACTORS:
DURABLE For extreme weather conditions including high winds and hail storms
FIRE-RESISTANT Beneficial for warm climates with a high risk of wildfires
IMPENETRABLE Inaccessible to insects, birds, raccoons, and rodents, including squirrels
ELASTOMERIC COATINGS Polymers to reduce brittleness and improve adhesion
WATER-PROOF No moisture can seep into metal, offering protection from rain, freeze-thaw cycles, mold, mildew, and rot
"The mission of the Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) is to bring objective, scientific information related to cool surfaces
to critical discussions and informed decisions about the impacts of heat islands, extreme heat, and energy use in the built
environment. The CRRC is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that develops fair, accurate, and credible methods for evaluating
and labeling the radiative properties of roofing and exterior wall products."
"Roof Rating Program" - Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC)
"Metal Roofing Vs. Asphalt Shingles: Major Differences, Pros And Cons" - Forbes Magazine (2023)
"Are Metal Roofs Better Than Shingles?" - Architectual Digest (2023)
Sheet Metal Building Materials W. F. Norman - by W. F. Norman Manufacturing Company (1936)
[Roll & Cap Roofing - Consideration for nearly flat townhouse/rowhouse roofs Starts on Page 14]
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