|
AFRICAN ETHNIC CULTURE CREDENCE
There is also nothing darker in United States history than the purchase - of human beings.
treatment of
Piecing history together takes time and effort, as 95% of knowledge is not on the internet. Below is a little to watch and
peruse, but not yet at the level of article resources I want to offer. But what is compiled will take a long time to read,
listen, watch, and process it all.
SLAVERY = The condition of not being of your own mind, body, and spirit. Being legally or illegally owned "property" by someone
else and forced to obey through work, violent joy of "Master," of others (sex trafficking) and even made to produce children.
Ability to acquire one or more humans for the ability to then sell - whether to round up oneself, or pay others to capture
the humans for ownership.
Being paid little is a form of slavery. There are more human slaves, approximately 50,000,000, more than history, today on
Planet Earth.
Types of Slavery: Debt Slavery, Enslavement of War Captives, Military Slavery, Criminal Slavery, Work Slavery, Domestic Slavery
(mostly women), and Chattel Slavery
ORIGIN OF COLONIAL SLAVERY: DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
In 1452, Pope Nicholas the V authorized King Alfonso V of Portugal to reduce any 'Saracens," Muslims, Pagans, and any
other 'unbelievers' to perpetual slavery. Dum Diversas, Romanus Pontifex, and Inter Caetera came to serve as the basis and
justification for the Doctrine of Discovery. The Doctrine of Discovery ushered in the Age of Imperialism of global
slave trade of the 15th and 16th centuries.
"Doctrine of Discovery" - Jekyll & Minimal Mistakes |Indigenous Values Initiative
"Slavery in America" - The History Channel
A Guide to the History of Slavery in Maryland
1831-1884: Abolition and Emancipation
From Slavery to Civil Rights: On the Streetcars of New Orleans 1830s To Present - Hilary Mc Laughlin-Stonham (2020) [Book]
BOOK: Contemporary Slavery 2 and Its Definition in Law
BOOK: The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History Volume 1 Atlantic America: 1492-1800
Yale MacMillan | Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
"Slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership
is exercised." - 1926 Slavery Convention definition
The Slavery Convention - Library of Congress (1926)
"Slavery Convention" Geneva, 25 September 1926 - United Nations [Continuously Active Updated Penal Status]
"If man were a being, owing his existence to accident, and not a creature of God, his rights would indeed be negative. If
he stood in a state of independency of his Maker, and not a subject of law, his rights could be determined only by the will
of society. But he is neither the son of chance nor the possessor of independency. His life and his faculties are the gift
of God. From heaven he derives positive rights, defined by positive precepts. Considering man as a free agent, by the
constitution of nature he has a right to the exercise of freedom, in conformity to the precepts of that law by which the author
of nature has ordered him to regulate his actions. A delegated power he has from God, and no creature has a right to restrict
him in its rightful exercise."
"With what execration should the statesman be loaded, who, permitting one half of the citizens thus to trample on
the rights of the other, transforms those into despots, and these into enemies—destroys the morals of
the one part, and the amor patriae, of the other! With the morals of the people, their industry also
is destroyed. Of the proprietors of slaves a small proportion is ever seen to labour, And can the liberties of a nation
be thought secure, when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the public that their liberties
are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed, I tremble for my country when I reflect
that God is just—that his justice cannot sleep for ever—that an exchange of situation is among possible events—that
it may become probable by supernatural interference." - Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson was slave owner through death.
"In 1864, Jourdon Anderson and his wife escaped a life of slavery and moved to Ohio. A year later, he received a desperate
letter from the man who used to own him, in which he was asked to return to work on his now ailing plantation. Jourdon's magnificent
reply, performed here by none other than Laurence Fishburne at Letters Live at The Town Hall in New York back in 2018, was
dictated by Jourdon and reprinted in numerous newspapers.
Jourdon Anderson never returned to Big Spring, Tennessee. He passed away in 1907, aged 81, and is buried alongside his wife
and eleven children."
Indiantown, Dorchester County: "Handsell House Tells History of Slavery in Maryland" - WBAL-TV 11 Baltimore (2018)
Restore Handsell
Crownsville: "Archaeologists in Maryland Discover Slave Quarters" - WZDX TV54 Huntsville (2019)
HOME ~ SHELTER ~ HOME
The City of Neighborhoods (1850-1950) [II.] - Baltimore City Archives
Root Shock: The Consequences of African American Dispossession - Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy
of Medicine (2001)
"Hotter, Wetter, Sneezier, & Wheezier: Present-day Environmental Disparity Among HOLC Neighborhoods" - J.S. Hoffman (2023)
_________________REDLINE____________________REDLINING_______________
REDLINE/REDLINING = Systematic denial, withholding of goods and services.
"Hazardous to investment" due to fearful perception of significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities to, "get ahead."
To refuse a mortgage loan or insurance loan to someone because of the color of their skin, and/or they are deemed to be living
a poor financial risk area. Discrimination practices usually attributed to house purchasing, but can be utilized in other
manners, such as property tax pricing, tax incentives, other loans such as for businesses and vehicles, and even employment.
Government maps were drawn with red ink to signify where the "blight" was. Usually neighborhoods black-lined with red ink
fill-ins.
"Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America" - University of Richmond
"Understanding Redlining" - Student Handbook | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Zoom in. To learn about the different neighborhoods, click for their details.
"Redlining is the practice of denying people access to credit because of where they live, even if they are personally qualified
for loans. Historically, mortgage lenders once widely redlined core urban neighborhoods and Black-populated neighborhoods
in particular."
"Redlining's Legacy: Maps are Gone, But the Problem Hasn't Disappeared - CBS Moneywatch (2020)
"Association of Historic Redlining and Present-Day Health in Baltimore" - PLoS One Journal (2022)
"How Redlining Prevented Black and Brown families From Becoming Home Owners" - Harvard Kennedy School (2023)
HOUSING DISCRIMINATION: Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Housing Segregation and Redlining in America: A Short History - Code Switch - National Public Radio (NPR) [Featuring Baltimore]
"Baltimore's Pursuit of Fair Housing: A Brief History" - Maryland Center for History and Culture
"Eutaw Farm and the Creation of Northeast Baltimore" - The Herring Run Archaeology Project"
East Baltimore Neighborhoods - WJZ TV13
"Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) Redlining Maps: The Persistent Structure of Segregation and Economic Inequality" - National
Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC)
"The Case for Benign Quotas in Housing" - Phylon, Clark Atlanta University (1960)
"Fair Housing Act: Federal Fair Lending Regulations and Statutes" - Compliance Handbook | Federal Reserve of the United States
of America
"Race, Housing, and the Government": Symposium on Race Relations - Vanderbilt Law Review (1973)
"The Baltimore Plan" - History of Rental Court (1954)
Harlem Park becomes Highway 70 "To No Where"
Some History of Blockbusting in Baltimore - Interviews... (1970) [Complete 5 Parts]
Blockbusting in Montebello (1970) - 3 Speculators Forced 98% of Whites to Leave - Vincent Quayle S.J.
"Public Housing: Hell in the High-rises" - City Line [Start at 2:10]
"Life at Murphy Homes"
The Baltimore Book
The Baltimore Sun summarized the ordinance's provisions as follows:
፠ That no negro can move into a block in which more than half of the residents are white.
፠ That no white person can move into a block in which more than half of the residents are colored.
፠ That a violator of the law is punishable by a fine of not more than $100 or imprisonment of from 30 days to 1 year,
or both.
፠ That existing conditions shall not be disturbed. No white person will be compelled to move away from his house because
the block in which he lives has more negroes than whites, and no negro can be forced to move from his house if his block has
more whites than negroes.
፠ That no section of the city is exempted from the conditions of the ordinance. It applies to every house."
The Baltimore Sun: "By 1911 had good credentials as a reform newspaper, editorially apologized for the segregation
ordinance as follows: "Baltimore has to deal
with the condition as it exists and not with the abstract theories of theorists and those who are not personally concerned."
Baltimore City Ordinance of 1910- How it happened: "Apartheid Baltimore Style: the Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910-1913"
- Maryland Law Review
Community Scope: Baltimore Housing Policy (History) (2019)
Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (1970)
Main Anti-Black Housing Policies
1. Boundary Maintenance: Mainly through exclusionary zoning
2. Opportunity Hoarding: Government over-investing in high opportunity communities
3. Stereotype-Driven Surveillance: A different type of policing in Black Neighborhoods versus White
- Sheryl Cashin, White Space, Black Hood: Opportunity Hoarding and Segregation in the Age of Inequality
"Even in Black-led cities. When they actually looked at the numbers in Baltimore, to their horror, they were spending
four times as much per capital investments in majority white areas as in majority black ones. So {first} disrupting the process
of opportunity hoarding, and {second} pursuing what is often referred to as racial equity is needed. And then third, changing
the relationship of the state; particularly the relationship between police, and majority black neighborhoods." - Sheryl
Cashin
""Fair" Housing and Opportunity Hoarding" - The American College of Trust and Estate Counsel (ACTEC)
EDUCATION
"We have a school system that is more than 80 percent African-American. GBC {Greater Baltimore Committee}, I suspect will
be for the next 50 years perceived as a white organization. And so there is at least a tension that will always be there of:
is whitey trying to tell us what to do. Is whitey trying to take over our school system." - Baltimore business
executive
"The teachers are not advocates of students. The teachers say they’re advocates of students, but the teachers
have to cover their priorities as professionals. That’s a large part of it." - Baltimore community activist
"It is understandable why this tendency to think of education policy as a product of local forces emerged. Few political symbols
in the United States carry the power associated with the local control of education. Schools are closely identified with the
character of their local communities. Indeed, schools are sometimes taken as defining that character. Moreover, many structural
reforms introduced by the early twentieth-century Progressives effectively vested authority to set school policies in the
hands of education professionals and a relatively homogenous, formally nonpartisan elite, with strong interest in the local
schools. Both tradition and institutions, then, historically have insulated school decision making from a wide range of influences
external to the local education community. Throughout this book we have emphasized ways in which the horizontal isolation
of the education community from other local stakeholders has bro-ken down or, where it remains, become dysfunctional. In chapter
7 we focus on the vertical dimension within the federal system and consider the role of state and national politics in shaping
the local school reform agenda."
"History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment" - U.S. Courts
Poverty in the United States: 2021 - United States Bureau of the Census
CULTURE
"Black Dolls" - New York Historical Society
"An Inside Look at the Black Dolls Museum Exhibit" - "Good Morning America" (2023)
"Nation, Tribe, and Ethnic Group in Africa" - Cultural Survival
"Baldamor, Curry, and Dug: Language Variation, Culture, and Identity among African American Baltimoreans" - Language in Baltimore
| by Inte'a DeShields (2011)
Baltimore Language
"Our Obsession With Black Excellence Is Harming Black People" - Forbes Magazine (2021)
HISTORY THROUGH PRINT, AUDIO, & VISUAL IMPRESSIONS
Listings are time-lined as much as possible. First is general, then specific to Baltimore. For those whose pain and suffering
of who we will never know, I hope sharing various tragedies and composites embraces all of their souls, especially those who
died in the "journey" of coming to "America." The strength and valor: Heroes are also shared.
Reparations in USA in Progress and Resources [Scroll down]
"The Middle Passage & Black Latin America" - Atlantic Slave Trade Documentary
Redoshi, also known as Aunt Sally Smith, was kidnapped as a child from her hometown of Benin, Africa.
"To Be A Slave" - Ruby Dee & Ossie Davis with Julius Lester (1971) [Audio]
Maryland Tolerance Act of 1649
When this Time Magazine article was written, 1966 intermarriage was still intentionally banned - celebrating 305
years strong. The first state to make illegal, also the longest in United States History.
Thomas Paine: Setting the Record Straight: What Was Thomas Paine's Stance on Slavery?
"Most shocking of all is alleging the sacred Scriptures to favor this wicked practice. One would have thought none but infidel
cavilers would endeavor to make them appear contrary to the plain dictates of natural light, and conscience, in a matter of
common justice and humanity; which they cannot be. Such worthy men, as referred to before, judged otherways; Mr. Baxter declared,
the Slave-Traders should be called Devils, rather than Christians; and that it is a heinous crime to buy them." Thomas Paine,
African Slavery in America (1775)
Common Sense - Thomas Paine
"Sally Hemings" - "Biography" (2000)
Irish Immigrant Master Carpenter James Dinsmore, was hired by Thomas Jefferson. Dinsmore chose John Hemings (Sally's brother)
and Lewis, two slaves of the Jefferson family, to become apprentices. Their artistic work became renowned, working on Jefferson's
multiple homes, and even working for President Madison's households too. John Hemings and Lewis ascended to becoming Master
Carpenters of their own regard. John and Lewis were given tools. They owned tools, yet they could not own - themselves.
After decades of service, John Hemings was freed in 1826 by Thomas Jefferson's will.
See and learn the secrets of Lewis' and John Hemings' work and tools.
James Dinsmore - Monticello, Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia
James Dinsmore [2] - Monticello, Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia
Master Carpenter and Joiner. Jefferson slave.
John Hemings - Popular Woodworking (2010)
Master Carpenter, Field Laborer, and Joiner. Jefferson slave.
"Harriet Tubman and The Underground Railroad" - "The Great Adventure" (1964)
"The 'Best' Slaves Got Very Drunk" - The New York Times (1971)
"What to the Slave Is the 4th of July?": James Earl Jones Reads Frederick Douglass's Historic Speech
"In the Shadow of Plantations" (Florida) - Alachua County (2008)
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
| ENGRAVING SUBJECT; JAMES HAMLET |
|
| SLAVERY STANDARD October 17th, 1850 |
James Hamlet, a formerly enslaved Baltimorean, became the first person to return to slavery because of the Fugitive Slave
Act of 1850.
"The Fugitive Slave Act" (1850)
"The Constitutional Imperative: Enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law put Marshals Squarely in the Middle of the Controversy" -
U.S. Marshals Service, U.S. Department of Justice
"Longfellow and the Fugitive Slave Act" - National park Service (NPS)
"The Slave Bill in Operation" - The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, New York (Saturday, September 28, 1850)
"The Fugitive Slave Bill : Its History and Unconstitutionality : With an Account of the Seizure and Enslavement of James Hamlet,
and His Subsequent Restoration to Liberty." - Library of Congress
BOOK: The Fugitive Slave Bill : Its History and Constitutionality - by American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; Lewis Tappan
"James Hamlet' - University of Detroit Mercy
"Fugitive Slave Act" - "American Experience" PBS (2012)
Up From Slavery - Autobiography by Booker T. Washington
Up From Slavery - Autobiography of Booker T. Washington - Read by Ossie Davis (1976) [Audio]
"The Confession of Nat Turner" - Read by Brock Peters (1968) [Audio]
Alex Haley - "Tells His Story for His Search For Roots" (1977) [Audio]
"How Roots Captivated an Entire Nation" - Louis Gossett Junior
Robert Smalls: "A Life Too Big To Forget" - Ransom Notes
"The Audacity of Robert Smalls" - Michael B. Moore - TED Talks
"African American History" - African American Heritage - U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
"Bad Blood: The Border War that Triggered the Civil War" (Years 1854 - 1860)- Wide Awake Films - Kansas PBS - Kansas Historical
Society Kansas and Missouri Travel & Tourism, Kansas Department of Commerce (20070)
"Last Slave Ship Survivor Gave Interview in the 1930s That Surfaced Almost 90 Years Later"
"This is where the white man does himself the most harm. He invents statistics to create an image, thinking that that
image is going to hold things in check. You know why they always say Negroes are lazy? 'Cause they want Negroes to be lazy.
They always say Negroes can't unite because they don't want Negroes to unite. And once they put this thing in the mind, they
feel that the Negro gets that into him and he tries to fulfill their image. If you say you can't unite him, and then you come
to him to unite him, he won't unite because it's been said that he's not supposed to unite." - Malcolm X
"The Origin of Race in the USA" - PBS Origins
"We do not think that whites should be slaves either by law or necessity. Our slaves are black, of another and inferior
race. The status in which we have placed them is an elevation. They are elevated from the condition in which God first created
them, by being made our slaves. None of that race on the whole face of the globe can be compared with the slaves of the South.
They are happy, content, unaspiring, and utterly incapable, from intellectual weakness, ever to give us any trouble by their
aspirations. ... Our slaves do not vote. We give them no political power. "
""Negros to Hire" - A Grandpa J. Production
Understanding Maryland Records: Tax Lists & Early Assessments - Maryland State Archives
"Today, the mention of sin taxes evokes thoughts of alcohol, tobacco, and perhaps gas guzzlers. In the 18th and 19th centuries,
however, these discussions also involved slaves. Granted, the actual, enacted slave taxes were not sin taxes; they
were simply property taxes levied on significant, valuable assets. Considerations of slave ownership as an allocation mechanism
were directed more at targeting rich people than they were at targeting sinners. However, there were a number of proposals
for more federal slave taxes, which were discussed very much in sin tax terms."
"Slave Catchers, Slave Resisters" - The History Channel
"The Lost Cause" - Part 1 - Rovan Wernsdorfer
"The Lost Cause" - Part 2 - Rovan Wernsdorfer
"One Couple's Remarkable Escape From Slavery Kraft Family 1848 - "CBS Sunday Morning (2023) [Baltimore Miracle]
"Juneteenth" June 19th, 1865 - KHOU TV 11 Houston, Texas (2021)
"Governor Swann's Speech at the Conservative Mass Meeting in Monument Square" (1866) [Upholding Lincoln-Johnson Policies after
Civil War]
Genealogist Antoinette Harrell, the "Slavery detective of the South", "Modern-Day Slavery Practices" - VICE
"Myrlie Evers Opens up About Marriage to Civil Rights Icon Medgar Evers" - "CBS Mornings" (June 2023)
"Joy Reid's 'Medgar and Myrlie' Traces Extraordinary Lives and Love of Civil Rights Leaders" - "PBS News Hour" (February 2024)
"The elevation of woman to her proper and rightful place has bee the slowest work of the centuries." - Maggie Lena
(Draper) Walker 1909
"Carry On: The Life and Legacy of Maggie Lena Walker" - Maggie L. Walker National Park Service Historic Site
Maggie Lena Walker - National Women's History Museum
BLACK CODES & JIM CROW
"Black Codes" - American Battlefield Trust
"Black Codes" - History Channel (2010/2023)
"The Effects of Brown v. Board of Education in Montgomery County" - Montgomery History
"The Hard Truth - Peek-a-boo" - The Louisiana Weekly (2011)
The "Picaninny" - Jim Crow Museum
https://www.furiarubel.com/news-resources/racist-language-and-origins-i-didnt-always-know/
Uncle Tom
"Black Lives, Black Stories" - Georgetown University Recommended Reading
BOOKS: Professor of American History John David Smith
Not racist. Misunderstood character chastised.
"The Real Uncle Tom: Josiah Henson" (Full Documentary) | Our Daily Bread Ministries (2021)
"When 'Uncle Tom' Became an Insult" - The Root (2010)
"The Tom Caricature" - Jim Crow Museum
"Jim Crow of the North" - Twin Cities CBS
"How America's Legacy Of Racial Terror Still Affects Black Wealth" - Forbes
"George Washington Carver: An Uncommon Life" - The American Experience PBS Iowa
"Opening The West: Reconstruction and Western Expansion 1865-1877" - (1968)
"Blackface Was Never Harmless" - The Atlantic (2019)
"Blackface: The Birth of An American Stereotype" - Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture
"The Racist Role of Blackface in American Society" - Public Broadcasting System (PBS) (2019)
"Explaining Blackface" - "Basic Black" -Public Broadcasting System PBS (2018)
"The Psychology of Racism in Jim Crow America" - Then & Now
"How Black Americans Were Robbed of Their Land" - The Atlantic
"How Property Law Is Used to Appropriate Black Land" - VICE News
"Abolition Democracy: W.E.B. Du Bois and the making of Black Reconstruction" - The Nation (2022)
Black Reconstruction in America - W.E.B. Du Bois [Read]
"Who is Black? One Nation's Definition" - Professor of Sociology F. James Davis | Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
BLACK EXCEPTIONALISM = Belief that one is better than all others in regards to one's skin color.
"The idea that being exceptional will somehow shield Black people from discrimination and racism is a fallacy. Often times
Black people who are deemed “excellent” are hyper scrutinized and penalized for their excellence. ....
Black people are taught at an early age—they have to be twice as good as their white counterparts to be deemed equal.
Black exceptionalism plays into the idea of respectability politics—that if Black people act the “right way”,
they are deserving of decency and respect. Our obsession with Black exceptionalism does not allow Black people to just be.
Black excellence does not allow Black children to be children. Striving for big goals and aiming to improve one’s performance
in any domain is admirable. This is not a criticism of that. This is, rather, an interrogation of our society’s obsession
with Black exceptionalism. Black exceptionalism encourages Black people to sacrifice their health, mental wellbeing and welfare
for the sake of greatness. Black excellence is an unreachable peak—nothing is ever good enough. Black excellence is
insatiable; there is always one more mountain to climb. Black excellence is not sustainable. And what happens to the Black
people that society does not recognize as excellent? The single parent working multiple jobs to provide for their family
or the frontline worker struggling to make ends meet may not be deemed exceptional in our society, but they are. Living
in a world designed to keep you confined is Black excellence."
"Consequences of Black Exceptionalism? Interracial Unions with Blacks, Depressive Symptoms, and Relationship Satisfaction"
- Social Q, The Ohio State University | NIH (2011)
"'Black male exceptionalism' is the premise that African American men fare more poorly than any other group in the United
States. The discourse of Black male exceptionalism presents African American men as an 'endangered species.' Some government
agencies, foundations, and activists have responded by creating “Black male achievement” programs. There are almost
no corresponding 'Black female achievement' programs. Yet empirical data does not support the claim that Black males are burdened
more than Black females. Without attention to intersectionality, Black male achievement programs risk obscuring Black females
and advancing patriarchal values. Black male achievement programs also risk reinforcing stereotypes that African American
males are violent and dangerous."
"BLACK MALE EXCEPTIONALISM?: The Problems and Potential of Black Male-Focused Interventions" - Cambridge Core, Cambridge University
Press (2014)
BLACK NATIONALISM = Racial separation. Advocacy and support for unity and political self-determination for Black people.
Can be in the name of a separate Black city, town, or nation.
RACE TRAITOR = Descriptive phrase. Someone who is perceived to betray their own race, ethnic group, and/or country origin,
primarily for economic and political reasons to self-enrich. Intentionally takes away opportunity, even deceives by offering
low grade temporary jobs and takes entrepreneurship - building businesses for themselves, their family, and friends. Perceived
betrayal when interracial dating or marriage.
BOOK: Race Traitor: Treason to Whiteness is Loyalty to Humanity - Various authors (1993)
"Rep. Donalds Slammed For Comments On The Black Family" - "The View" (June 7th, 2024)
"I'm Better than Those Blacks" - Explaining and Calling out race traitor politicians [Jim Crow & Byron Donalds] - The Clay
Cane Show (June 6, 2024)
"Smith crafts the first-ever biography of Thomas and traces the history of Thomas' most famous literary work. .... Uncovering
the life of Thomas took Smith 15 years of historical detective work. Thomas became one of the most anti-black authors
in American history, Smith says. "Though we find Thomas' voice discordant and his ideas disturbing, he nevertheless contributed
to the dialogue of race relations during the violent and fearful age of segregation."
BOOK: The American Negro - by William Hannibal Thomas (1901) [Read free]
"'Black Men Who Betray Their Race' identifies and introduces the “race traitor” as a heretofore unrecognized yet
important trope within 20th century African American Literature. Focusing on literary works by five African-American male
authors--Sutton Griggs, Ralph Ellison, Charles Gordone, John Edgar Wideman, and Paul Beatty--my archive provides a diachronic
examination of the race traitor to show how his numerous permutations and appearances across periods and genres speak to the
ever-shifting politics of black identity.
In addition to coping with the burden of racism, African Americans have had to put considerable energy toward negotiating
the possibility of being perceived as race traitors by others within the African American community. This study tracks the
possibilities and perils of black group identity in literary representations of black men, neither privileging opposition
to the white world, nor celebrating black unity beyond it.
Ultimately, 'Black Men Who Betray Their Race' invites us to reconsider Du Bois’s notion of double-consciousness from
a fresh perspective, enabling us to reflect on the tension between individuality and collectivity as lived, represented, and
performed across the 20th century."
The Wharves of the Basin (Harbor) is sacred land. Native, indigenous peoples, and slaves brought to
the United States, were forced into jail-pens all over downtown Baltimore. Now, one man, Mr. David Bramble wants to enrich
himself on public land by building apartment buildings. No plans to memorialize its history.
"If it appears that David Bramble’s ascension to become the Inner Harbor's owner, achieved by the content
of his character, business acumen, and astute legal maneuvering, took 160 years too long to achieve, considering that slavery
lasted 250 years, officially abolished in Maryland in 1864, and Jim Crow another 100 years before his opportunity came.
LET IT BE KNOWN: David Bramble's mother Joy Bramble, founded and owns - The Baltimore Times
HEALTH - CARE
A 1908 report of "The Maryland State Lunacy Commission" stated:
"It is with a feeling of shame and humiliation that the conditions which exist in the State among the negro insane are chronicled
and known to the public. Righteous indignation cannot help being aroused when one sees or reads of the most horrible cruelties
being practiced upon these unfortunates... The most urgent need at this time is a hospital for the negro insane of Maryland..."
"Francis Galton’s original scientific theory had been that of a 'positive eugenics.' He sought to avoid the prospect
of 'race suicide' by encouraging those of the superior northern European stock to inter-marry and to maintain a higher birth
rate than Negroes, Hispanics, Hebrews, Asiatic, Slavs, and Italians.
By the start of the twentieth century, the prospect of a “negative eugenics” had received scientific recognition.
Since poverty, crime, and illness all arose from defective genes, zealous advocates called for a policy of compulsory sterilization,
eliminating inferior genetic stock, and thereby improving all of humankind. Richard T. Ely summed it up when he said, 'Certain
human beings … are absolutely unfit and … should be prevented from the continuation of their kind.'"
"The first almshouse Baltimore County established was named Bayview, located in Baltimore Town on the square formed by
Eutaw, Biddle, Garden or Linden Ave, and Madison streets, near where the University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus
is today. With the population of Baltimore Town growing, a second almshouse, Calverton, was purchased in 1819 by the county
as a means of dealing with the growing population and degrading conditions of Bayview."
"Baltimore's Historic Hospitals"- Medichi Archives
Maryland Hospital for the Negro Insane --> Crownsville State Hospital Timeline - Bowie State University
"Spring Grove History" - State of Maryland Department of Health
"'Sterilization involves two forms of harm, the physical harm to one's reproductive autonomy and the moral stigma associated
with sterilization, including the suggestion that you are unworthy to reproduce, in the Relfs' case because they are Black
women,' Burnham says. 'These women bear a mark of being deemed less than a full person. That moral harm has to be addressed
by an apology, and it must come from the state. But they are also owed material redress, some sort of financial repair. That’s
what is clearly acknowledged in the Virginia, North Carolina and California initiatives: that practices of truth telling,
repair and reparation must come into play when formal law fails.'
Minnie Lee may not understand what the nation gained because of her case. But it is hauntingly, painfully clear that she understands
what she and Mary Alice lost. When I visited, I saw that each woman slept with a brown baby doll, Mary Alice's nestled in
a tangle of sheets, Minnie Lee's laid across her pillow. 'I know I can't have kids, and it gets to me sometimes,' Minnie Lee
says. 'Every time I see somebody like my cousin or my niece Debbie with their child, I think about it. Seeing these little
pretty babies, I wish that was me.'
In “Under the Skin,” Linda Villarosa Disproves Once and For All the Theory That People of Color are Responsible
for Their Own Failed Health Care." - The New York Times Magazine (2022)
"Historical trauma has played a role in producing negative health outcomes for residents and neighborhoods via segregation,
forced displacement, physical/psychological violence, economic destruction, cultural dispossession, and medical apartheid...
.... Additionally, how can the Baltimore City Health Department assess its own role in participating in and inflicting historical
trauma on Black residents and Black neighborhoods by operating a segregated public health system and practicing public health
from the top-down..."
"A Conceptual Model of Historical Trauma: Implications for Public Health Practice and Research" - Michelle M. Sotero, Journal
of Health Disparities Research and Practice (2006)
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: TRAINS & HORSE DRAWN STREETCARS
Horse-driven streetcars rolled on tracks, pulled along usually by one horse, and so could not hold a lot of people. All horse-driven
streetcars were one directional, where blacks were told to sit in front with horseman driver. As you will read below, the
fight for desegregating streetcars made electric streetcars mode of freedom, as the battles were well won before their invention.
No longer a, "Back and Front," ample room, fast service, and only 5 cents, it was, depending on each city, 50 to 80 years
of equitable, non-racist, non-classist, and non-segregationist public transportation. There was finally a freedom of movement
- sea to shining sea. From your home to streetcar to train. Governments, through elected politicians who chose elite automobiles,
and the partnering people and bought for their city (with federal dollars especially for highways) mechanisms needed and locally,
to made it impossible through regulating private streetcar companies be able to raise fares and forcing automobiles to drive
on their tracks, it was not technology, but selfishness. No where else has the demise of public transportation occurred.
USA continues to practice the most insidious segregation, racism, and classism. USA chooses imprisoning people, instead
of giving the freedom of movement. [Seek other transport sections - especially what other countries have.]
Who was Octavius Valentine Catto?
LISTEN {CLICK HERE} to start to learn about Octavius Catto - NPG Historian David Ward (12:23)
A Quest for Parity: The Octavius V. Catto Memorial
Octavius Catto: Face to Face - National Public Gallery
"Chapter Five: Streetcars" - "Octavius V. Catto: A Legacy for the 21st Century" - Independence Hall Association
Octavius Catto - Major League Baseball
"Octavius Catto" - Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion - [Variety]
"Tasting Freedom: Octavius Catto and the Battle for Equality in Civil War America - Africana Studies ~ Annual Black History
Month Lecture-- Villanova University (2011)
Elizabeth Jennings: In New York City ~ Charlotte Brown: In San Francisco ~ Sojourner Truth: In Washington, DC ~ Caroline Le
Count: In Philadelphia
"Almost 100 Years Before Rosa Parks, Black Louisvillians Desegregated Streetcars" - Manual Redeye
"Oct. 30, 1870: Protest of Racist Policies on Streetcars in Louisville" - Zinn Education Project
"Precursors of Rosa Precursors of Rosa Parks: Maryland Transportation Cases Between the Civil War and the Beginning of World
War I" - University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law (2004)
Alexander Augusta & Charles Sumner: How Streetcars came about to be desegregated in Washington, D.C. in 1865.
~
"Wilmington on Fire" - Documentary Film regarding 1898 in Wilmington, North Carolina
"Human Zoos: America's Forgotten History of Scientific Racism" - Discovery Science
"Jim Crow: Freedom Deferred" - Robin Hamilton - ARound Productions
"Jim Crow of the North: Redlining and Racism in Minnesota" - "Minnesota Experience" - Twin Cities PBS
East Saint Louis Massacre: Living St. Louis - PBS
"Bloody Island: God's Country" 1917 East Saint Louis Massacre - Hezakya Newz & Films
July 28, 1917 - The Silent Parade
"1917 NAACP Silent Protest Parade, Fifth Avenue, New York City" - Yale University - Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
"On July 28, 1917, about 10,000 Black men, women, and children marched silently down Manhattan's Fifth Avenue in one of the
very first civil rights protests." - Smithsonian
"Protest and Calling for Change: Images of the Silent Parade | BRIdge from the Past" - Bill of Rights Institute
"Black Holocaust: The Elaine Arkansas Race Massacre Of 1919" - Dr. Robert Franklin
"Tulsa 1921: An American Tragedy" - CBS
"Exhume the Truth"- 1921 Greenwood Massacre, Tulsa, Oklahoma - "60 Minutes"
"The Rosewood Massacre" 1923 Florida - "60 Minutes" (1983)
Rosewood, Florida Massacre: Various interviews and footage, as well as "Rosewood" film clips
"Kolorado Experience: KKK" - Rocky Mountain PBS
"The Scottsboro Boys" - Emory University
"Here's Where "Woke' Comes From" - Arkansas Democrat Gazette (2023)
"Scottsboro Boys" - Leadbelly (1938) [And interview]
| BATHING BEAUTIES AT, "THE BEACH" |
|
| CARRS BEACH, MARYLAND 1939 ~ THE JOSEPH OWEN CURTIS PHOTOGRAPH COLLETION |
Sisters, Elizabeth Carr Smith and Florence Carr Sparrow owned Carrs Beach, affectionately called, "The Beach."
Along with Sparrow's Beach, these were where Afro/African-Americans /black families, living all over the Chesapeake Bay /
Mid-Atlantic region from the 1930s, through the 1960s exclusively went on retreat vacations.
"Three Chesapeake Beaches Reflect the History of Desegregation in the United States" - Chesapeake Bay Program (2020)
[SEE THE REDLINING MAPS OF BALTIMORE]
Separate And Unequal - South Carolina NAACP Silent Film (1936)
The Negro Motorist Green Book - Smithsonian Institute (Exhibition and more)
"Traveling With 'The Green Book' During the Jim Crow Era" - "CBS This Morning"
"Missouri Sharecroppers Strike of 1939" - "The Hidden History of the Quest for Civil Rights" - Emory University (2012)
"The Negro Sailor" - Film about life in the Navy (Some parts acted) (1945)
"The Highest Tradition" - Associated Producers of Negro Motion Pictures (1946)
"Jesse Leroy Brown: First African American Navy Fighter Pilot"
"'Tuskegee Top Gun' James Harvey, the First African American Jet Combat Pilot" - "Veteran Chronicles" American Veterans Center
"The Marines of Montford Point: Fighting for Freedom" - University of North Carolina & South Carolina University
"The Plantation System in Southern Life" (1950)
Though the Bricker Amendment was to do with foreign affairs, Afro/African Americans were afraid of what it would mean for
their lives.
"Obtaining Civil Rights, Not Human Rights" - "The Hidden History of the Quest for Civil Rights" - Emory University (2012)
"Researching the U.S. Role in Foreign Politics with the Bricker Amendment The Councilor: A Journal of the Social Studies"
- Jeremiah Clabough The University of Alabama at Birmingham (2020)
"Men of the Forest" - Documentary about an African-American Logging Family in Georgia (1952)
"When Liberty Burns" - Documentary Film regarding Arthur L. McDuffie's life - and death - on December 17th, 1979....
The New Negro" - "The Open Mind - [Talk on Defeating Oppression w Dr. Martin Luther King] (1957)
"The New Girl in the Office" - Film (1960)
"We used to own our slaves. Now we rent them."
"A Walk In My Shoes - "Close Up" - ABC News Featuring Dick Gregory (1961) [Housing]
7 Black Americans Express Their Rage In The 1960s
"1963: The Year That Changed Everything" - John Jenkins
"Mighty Times: The Children's March" - "Teaching Tolerance" - Tell The Truth Pictures (1963)
"Report to the American People on Civil Rights (excerpt) - President John F. Kennedy (June 11th, 1963) & The John F. Kennedy
Presidential Library and Museum
President John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights Address (June 11th, 1963) & The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
(1965) "THE MOYNIHAN REPORT: THE NEGRO FAMILY, THE CASE FOR NATIONAL ACTION" (1965)
"Free At Last" - "The History of the Negro People" - National Educational Television - Ossie Davis and Roscoe Lee Browne as
WEB Dubois (1965)
President Lyndon Johnson's Speech to Congress on Voting Rights, March 15, 1965 [Text]
Special Message to the Congress: On the Voting Rights Act - President Johnson {March 15th, 1965)
"Dropping Knowledge: The Radical Barber" - Ernie Chambers White Supremacy Explained (1966)
"The Ballot or the Bullet" - Malcolm X (1966) [Audio]
"The Other America" - Martin Luther King, Jr - (1967)
"The Drum Major Instinct" - Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968) [Audio]
"Black History: Lost, Stolen or Strayed" - CBS NEWS (1968)
"Black And White: Uptight" - White Fragility Documentary (1969) Narrated By Robert Culp
America on Fire: The Untold History of Police Violence and Black Rebellion Since the 1960's - Elizabeth Hinton
"The Dialect of Black Americans" (1970) [Audio]
"Staggerlee: A Conversation with Black Panther Bobby Seale" (1970)
"The People and the Police" - Documentary Featuring Marion Barry (1971)
"What is Racial Passing?" - PBS Origins
"The Cry of Jazz" (1959)
"Obtaining Civil Rights, Not Human Rights" - "The Hidden History of the Quest for Civil Rights" - Emory University (2012)
"The People and the Police: Oakland" (1974)
"The Georges of New York" - "Six American Families" - PBS (1977)
"The Black Athlete" - (1980)
"Success! The Marva Collins Approach" - Education (1981)
"To Be Popular or Smart: The Black Peer Group" - Workshop Presentation (1988)
"Vulnerable - Here and Now" Richard Pryor Interview (1983)
"Images of Black Men in America" - "People Are Talking Guests: Huey P. Newton, Ishmael Reed and Jawanza Kunjufu (1988)
Racism - "The Morton Downey Jr. Show" - Features Reverend Al Sharpton (1988)
"Fast Fashion Is Hot Garbage" - Climate Town (2021) [Slavery Connection]
BALTIMORE SPECIFIC
"History of Baltimore" [Brief]
Library of Congress: Baltimore Slaves Collection
Early Baltimore: After 1812 War
"Slave Streets, Free Streets: Early Baltimore On-Line" - Anne Sarah Rubin, AIA Baltimore & Baltimore Architecture Foundation
[Part of a Series](2021)
The invention of "Races." "Races = Colors"
Spiritualties and Religions From Africa - Rovan Wernsdorfer
"The Haitian Revolution and its Effects on Baltimore" 1791 - 1804 - Rovan Wernsdorfer
Case of The Slave Isaac Brown: an Outrage Exposed - At The Library of Congress
'Mount Clare Station, Baltimore, Part of Underground Railroad" - "Inside Edition" (2022)
"Patty Atavis - Life of Baltimore Slave" - [Buried at Greenmount Cemetery in Woodridge Family Plot]
"Slave Trading in Baltimore" 1812 - 1865 - Rovan Wernsdorfer
Charts the rise and decline of Austin Woolfolk and his firm, the most successful and notorious slave-trading enterprise owner
of the 1820s.:
"Baltimore Slave Trade Historic Marker" - Clio
1850 - Harriet travels to Baltimore to aid in foiling her sister brother-in-law, and their kids from being sold - World History
Project
"Civil War 150: Pratt Street Riot" in Baltimore City - First Bloodshed of the Civil War
"Baltimore's Pratt Street Riot" - National Museum of Civil War Medicine
"Tour of Baltimore's Green Mount Cemetery" - Rovan Wernsdorfer
"Baltimore's vibrant Free Black Community, the largest in the nation at the time of the Civil War, is left standing after
'The 2nd Middle Passage' has drawn 1.2 million enslaved African Americans out of the middle Atlantic region to the Deep South
to pick cotton and cut sugar cane."
"By 1860, Baltimore had the largest concentration of freed blacks of any city — in the 1860 census, more
than 90 percent of blacks counted in the city were free."
1867 Creation of first school: "Male and Female Colored School No. 1" - The Peale - Baltimore's Community Museum
"Baltimore's Great Fire of 1904 and 'Progressive' Scientific Racism" - Rovan Wernsdofer
Baltimore's Civil Rights Heritage
"Vow and solemnly declare"
"Vow and solemnly declare that I will make myself the father and servant of the Negroes; nor shall I ever take up any
other work which might cause me to abandon, or in any way neglect the special care of the Negroes. So help me God and these
His Holy Gospels." - The Negro Oath
St. Joseph's Society of the Sacred Heart - Born in Baltimore
Founded in 1871 by ministers and brothers for newly freed slaves.
For years (1861) the archbishop of Baltimore, Martin John Spalding petitioned Rome for help in ministering to the free
blacks and then thousands recently released from slavery. In 1871, Pius IX handed down the Negro Oath, which would shape the
modern-day Josephites.
"Effects of the Cold War on the Civil Rights Movement" - Rovan Wernsdorfer
About Rovan Wernsdorfer: Reverand Wernsdorfer is an Episcopal priest, with degrees from Johns Hopkins University and the Episcopal
Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His ancestry in Maryland stems from 1812, when the British attempted to avenge
"Canadian" territory grab, and hence conquer its former colonies. His passion as an avid amateur historian is studying
and sharing African American history and institutional racism.
"As the World Turns, Some Quirky Buildings Adapt, Here are Five" (2022) [Picture worthy]
"The Great Migration" - Baltimore Magazine
"Voices of Baltimore: Life Under Segregation"
1834 McCulloh Street Today {click}
BALTIMORE NEWSPAPERS
THE NEGRO APPEAL
THE AFRO-AMERICAN
Today
Henrietta Lacks
"Henrietta Lacks [August 1st, 1920 4 October 4th, 1951] "African American Woman Whose Cancer Cells Were the Source of the
HeLa Cell Line the First Immortalized Human Cell Line" - New Scientist
| MULTIPHOTON FLUORESCENCE IMAGE OF HELA CELLS |
|
| WITH CYTOSKELETAL MICROTUBULES (Magenta) and DNA (Cyan) |
"Henrietta Lacks: Science Must Right a Historical Wrong: In Henrietta Lacks' Centennial Year, Researchers must Do More to
Ensure That Human Cells Cannot Be Taken Without Consent - Nature (2020)
The Henrietta Lacks Foundation
"This Is Baltimore" (1959) - WJZ 13
"Vacation Without Aggregation" The Green Book in Baltimore and Maryland: Then and Now - WMAR TV 2 ABC
"1968 Baltimore Riots" | WJZ-TV 1Raw Footage Reel [Seek list via, "See More" below screen]
"How Bigotry Shaped Baltimore" - The Real News [1]
History "Bigotry and Blockbusting in Baltimore" - The Real News [2]
"The Real Baltimore: How Bigotry Shaped a City" - The Real News [3]
"1972 Special Report: "Downtown Baltimore After Dark" Hezakya Newz & Films (1972) [To 29:45]
"Baltimore: Anatomy of an American City" - "Fault Lines"
"Baltimore: Anatomy Of An American City" - "Rewind"
"Baltimore Jail Demolition Threatens Landmark With Ties to City's History of slavery" - Baltimore Heritage (2017)
"West Baltmore Hoods VS. East Baltimore Hoods" - Hoodtime (2021)
"The Real Streets Of Baltimore, Maryland" - Southern Life (2021) [Drive shows how slow it is to travel]
"Residences From Surrounding Affluent Counties Illegally Dumping Their Trash in West Baltimore City!" - Melanin Nation by
BlackGirlSpeaks
"Baltimore is Dying" - WBFF TV45 FOX
ARTICLES, BOOKS, & STUDIES
"SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Rise in noise levels under each alternate, possible initial deterioration of air quality,
possible construction impact on water quality, displacement of residences and businesses, impact on Fells Point, Federal Hill,
Canton Playground, and Fort McHenry 4(f) areas, possible visual impact in certain areas." - 1972
"The History of Baltimore" - City of Baltimore Comprehensive Plan
"Transportation had made possible the flight of middle-class whites from the city — the flight that remained, more than
a century after it had first gotten underway, the defining dynamic of inequality in metropolitan Baltimore, where the poverty
rate in the core was triple that of the surrounding sprawl and where the prosperous suburbs had long been largely indifferent
to the impoverished center. Transportation, or rather the neglect of it by ineffectual local leaders and a state government
that had scorned the city from its founding, had helped perpetuate the inequities that remained following the flight, with
whole swaths of the city so isolated that they may as well have been under quarantine.
And transportation held the promise of redemption: of rebuilding connections, bridging racial and cultural divides. Even as
the riots were once again reinforcing the city’s all too deserved reputation for inequity, advocates and engineers were
finally moving forward with a long awaited project that promised to reconnect the long segregated city and reduce the isolation
of its poorest neighborhoods.
Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero" - Kate Clifford Larson PhD.
"The changes of this period highlight the contradictions of a Civil Rights movement that had seen tremendous progress
in securing legal rights and freedoms for African Americans in a region that still denied many the opportunity for equitable
education or employment opportunities."
UNIVERSITIES
"Johns Hopkins, Long Believed An Abolitionist, Actually Owned Slaves, University Says" - National Public Radio (NPR)
"Hard History at Hopkins: Johns Hopkins and Slavery" Johns Hopkins University
SAMUEL G. WYMAN - SLAVER OWNER
"Described in a 2018 report authored by Hopkins alum Abby Schreiber, the wider Carroll family held extensive properties
and often shared resources amongst themselves, including the labor of enslaved people. As many as 36 enslaved individuals
may have lived at the property over time, including Izadod and Cis Conner and their 13 children; William and Becky Ross and
their children Richard and Mary; and Charity Castle. ....
Slavery at Homewood persisted after Carroll's death in 1825, when his son inherited the property and sought to make it a productive
farm again. The property was later rented out, and slavery likely continued under the estate's new tenants. In 1838, Homewood
was sold at auction to Samuel G. Wyman, a Massachusetts merchant who held enslaved people and was sympathetic
to the Confederacy during the Civil War."
"JHU, Too, must Atone for its Slavery Connection" - The Donovans - The Baltimore Sun
How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore [Part One] - "The Real News"
"How Johns Hopkins' Influence Haunts Baltimore" [Part Two] - "The Real News"
"Because the plot wasn't a home that could be considered for rent, it was left out and marked as a decent employment opportunity.
Under Clarifying Remarks, surrounding properties are described as “better than average” and having “considerable
desirability.” This characterization reinforces the ongoing perception that Hopkins is an institution that thrives
at the expense of its neighbors, that Hopkins sits in Baltimore but isn't a part of it. .... Pietila also describes how the
University demolished Black residents’ homes to make dormitories for workers. This action echoes the idea from the HOLC
map’s Clarifying Remarks that the neighborhoods around the Hospital have good qualities, but only if their current residents
are removed."
"From Fells Point to Homewood Farm: Perspectives on Slavery in Baltimore" - Johns Hopkins University
Unversity of Maryland
"From Segregation to Integration: The Donald Murray Case, 1935-1937" - Archives of Maryland Documents for the Classroom
Loyola University Studies its Own Slavery Past - Loyola University
TO TODAY
"Racially Charged" - Documentary Film about America's Misdemeanor Problem (2020)
"Narrated by actor Mahershala Ali, exposes how our country's history of racial injustice evolved into an enormous abuse of
criminal justice power. 13 million people a year – most of them poor and people of color – are abused by this
system."
Join Brave New Films, the Women's Justice Institute (WJI), and WIN Recovery.
"Why Louisiana Stays Poor" - Together Louisiana
"Professor Raj Chetty in 14 Charts Big Findings on opportunity and Mobility We Should Know" - Brookings
"Back to Natural" is a multi-award winning film that provides a complex relationship of how hair, race, and identity, are
all interrelated. It, "Offers a compassionate view point on issues that impact African descendants’ sense of self and
the often unknown barriers society places on one’s ability to simply exist."
"Good Hair" is a winner of "Grand Jury Prize" at the Sundance Film Festival and "Official Selection"
at the Toronto International Film Festival. Chris Rock explores where the hair comes from that fore fill the imaginative
wonders of African-American hairstyles.
"White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Nation's Divide" - Carol Anderson, Charles Howard Candler Professor and Chair of African
American Studies - Emory University (2018)
"Waste People"
"Sundown Towns" - Black Past
"Sundown Towns: Racial Segregation - Past And Present" - America's Black Holocaust Museum (ABHM)
"AP Road Trip: Racial Tensions in America's 'Sundown Towns'" - Associated Press (2020)
SILVER SPRING
In 1840, Francis Preston Blair saw a little spring upon 289 acres, purchased, and called it, "Silver Spring Plantation."
With 12 slaves, Blair and family continued to purchase land. As time and hence transactions were made, influential land owners
made Silver Spring what became known as "sundown town." The North Washington Real Estate Company, started by Blair family
in early 1920's, designed and designated 63 acres to be white-only; deeds written specifically for the sale of land in this
manner. No legislative action was taken to prevent this until 1967, though ordinance was illegal since 1948's Shelley v. Kramer.
Sundown Towns in Maryland - Wikipedia [Partial]
CLUES: "These Are The 10 Cities In Maryland With The Most KKK Members" [Under Guise as to its authenticity as "Sundown Towns"
Historical Database of Sundown Towns [Partially Done] - Tougaloo College Mississippi
"Women most likely to undergo publicly funded sterilization - low-income and minority women - are at particularly high
risk for having average or below average health literacy skills."
"The Hidden Towns That Used Harassment, Violence and Murder to Keep African Americans Out" (2005)
"Spirit of a Culture: Cane River Creoles" - Louisiana Educational Television Authority - Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
"Good For What Ails You: Secrets of the Bayou Healers" - Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities - Public Broadcasting System
(PBS) (1998)
"The Molotov Cocktail Speech" - President Lyndon Baines Johnson - Rhode Island 1966 [Attempting to locate actual
speech, not narrated over version.]
How Black Farmers Have Lost their land in the United States....
FILMS, TELEVISION, & VIDEOS
Lyndon Baines Johnson - Civil Rights - The 1973 Interview
REEL BLACK COLLECTION
"Neoslavery: The Part of History You've Always Skipped" - Knowing Better
"The Spirit of Youth" - Film (1938) [About Joe Lewis' life ~ Starring - Joe Lewis]
"The Well" - Film (1951)
"What It Means To Be An American" (1952)
"The New Neighbors" - "Amos 'N' Andy" (1953)
"The Secret Selling of the Negro" - (1954) - For The United States Department of Commerce
"All the Way Home" - Series on Changing Neighborhoods - Dynamic Films (1957)
"Who Do You Kill" - "East Side West Side" (1963) [Slum living]
"No Hiding Place" - "East Side West Side" (1963) [Block busting]
"The Negro and the South" - Film (1965) - National Educational Television - Narrated by Ossie Davis
Alex Haley's Mini-Series, "Roots" - ABC [2]
"All in the Family" - "The Blockbuster"
"One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story" - CBS Film (1978)
"Hollow Image" - Film (1979)
"Fonzie Fights Racism at a Southern Diner" - "Happy Days" (1982)
"Passion and Glory": History of 5 Black Film Stars - Narrated by Robert Guillame - PBS (1985)
Standing Against Racism: Fostering Unity Through Dialogue
Maryland Public Television (MPT) Racial Resources
FILMS, TELEVISION, & VIDEOS [Other]
Bill "Bojangles" Robinson First Starring Role
"Dirty Gertie from Harlem U.S.A." (1946)
"The Mark of the Hawk" - Film (1957)
Adaptation of Gordon Parks' Semi-autobiographical novel, The Learning Tree (1963). Parks also wrote and directed the
film, the first Afro/African-American director for a major film studio, Warner Brothers - Seven Arts. The film is about the
life of Newt Winger, a teenager growing up in Cherokee Flats, Kansas in the 1920s. It chronicles his journey into the rites
of manhood marked with tragic events.
"All God's Children" - Film (1980) |
"On The Right Track" - Film (1981)
"The Fantastic World of DC Collins" - Film (1984)
"The History Of White People In America" - Mockumentary (1985)
"As Summers Die" - Lorimar Telepictures (1986)
"Curtis Mayfield: Darker Than Blue" (1995)
"Video In A Plain Brown Wrapper" - Redd Foxx (1983)
"In 1939, African American leaders respond to Jim Crow segregation by building a rocket to colonize Mars. The three person
crew blasts off, but time travel instead, arriving in present-day America revealing much about race today."
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TELEVISION
"Black Folks Sell You Stuff": TV Commercials From The 1970s
"Beyond Tara: The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel" - "Hollywood Lives and Legends" (2001)
"Queens of Jazz: The Joy and Pain of the Jazz Divas" - BBC Productions (2013)
"Dorothy Dandridge: Little Girl Lost" - "Biography"
"Billie Holiday: Sensational Lady" - BBC & Arts and Entertainment Production (2001)
"Lena Horne: In Her Own Voice" - "American Masters" PBS - Ohio Educational Telecommunications
"How It Feels To Be Free" - "American Masters" PBS (2021)
MUSIC
"YA KNOW" - "Joyce J. Scott Featuring Kay Lawal-Muhammad (Official Music Video) - True View Film
|
